Quan niệm về người tài và việc giáo dục nhân tài ở Việt Nam thời phong kiến

Qunn ni^m u^ nGuin TRI m uiec GIHO DUC nHiln Tiii

6 VIET NAM THOI PHONG KliN

O ThS. PHI THI HIEU*

Sy phdt trien ciio xd hdi lodi ngudi ndi ehung, bdi dieu kien sd'ng thuc te, trinh do nhdn thiic ciia

Clio mdi qud'c gio, ddn tdc ndi rieng ludn hq vd quon niem chung ciio xd hdi ve vd'n dedd.

gdn lien vdi nhiing budc tie'n nhdy vqt ve khoa Khdng ndm ngodi quy ludt ndy, quon niem ve

hqc, kl thudt vd nhiing ehuyen bie'n cd tinh chd't ngudi tdi vd viee GDNT d Viet Nam thdi PK cung

budc ngodt trong cdc iTnh vue khde nhau ciio ddi chju dnh hudng ciio nhieu nhdn td nhu dieu kien

sd'ng xd hdi. Tqo ro su phdt trien dd, di ddu Id kinh te, trinh do khoo hqe kT thudt, che do chinh

nhung nhd khoa hqc thien tdi, nhCrng nhd kr tudng trj, nen vdn hdo,... md trong dd hq dong sdng.

vTdqi, nhCrng nhd qudn sy tdi ndng, nhung chinh Thu nhd't, ve dge diem kinh ti vd khoa hgc ki

trj gia kiet xud't... Do dd, dudi bd't ki hinh thdi thudt: dudi che do PK Viet Nam, nen kinh te'chii

kinh te - xd hdi (KT-XH) ndo, ngudi tdi eung Id ye'u Id duo vdo ndng nghiep - ddc canh lua vd

trung tdm ehu y ciio todn xd hdi. O Viet Nam, hoo mdu. Thii cdng nghiep, tieu edng nghiep,

ngay tii nhung ngdy ddu cuo thdi ki dyng nudc, thuong nghiep kem phdt trien; khoo hqc kT thudt

cho dng to dd chu y de'n chinh sdch thu hut vd khdng ed dieu kien de phdt trien; ngdnh nghe

trqng dyng ngudi tdi de phdt trien dd't nude. Tren chuyen mdn hdu nhu chuo hinh thdnh tru gido

tdm bia tqi Vdn Mieu Qudc Tii Gidm cd khde dye, y te, ljch phdp thien vdn

ddng ehCr: «Hien tdi Id nguyin khi qudc gia. Thi/hai, ve tinh hinh ehinh tri: thai PK, quyen

Nguyen khi thinh tht thi'nude mgnh vd hung thinh. lyc tdp trung vdo toy vuo chua PK. Sy coi trj ddn

Nguyin khi suy thi thi'nude yiu md thdp kem. Vi chung dyo vdo cdc chinh sdch on ddn hoqc dijng

thi, ede bde thdnh minh chanq ai khdng eoi viic bqo lyc de trdn dp, ldm cho ddii phdi sq. Suy

ken ehgn ke sT, bdi dudng nhdn tdi, vun frdng cho cung, bqo luc vd cdc chinh sdch coi trj Id

nguyin khi Id edng viee edn kip..."(]). Tuy nhien, cdng cy chii yeu ldm nen siic mqnh ciia nhd nudc

do ddc diem cuo nen kinh te, ehe do chinh trj, trinh PK. Hon niia, thdi ki dung vd giii nudc, nhdn ddn

do khoa hqc ki thudt khde nhou md quan niem ve to ludn phdi ddu tranh chdng Iqi gidc ngoqi xdm.

ngudi tdi vd viee GDNT d mdi thdi ki ljch sti cd Vu khi chie'n ddu thd so nen cdc cudc khdng chie'n

nhung sde thdi khde nhau. Trong bdi bdo ndy, phdi dua vdo sde ngudi Id chu yeu. Odng thdi,

chung tdi xem xet quon niem ve ngudi tdi vd viec ddu tranh chinh trj md vol trd thudc ve cdc sii

gido dye nhdn tdi (GDNT) d nudc to thdi ki trung thdn cung vd cung quan trqng. Do nen kinh te

cd (90d-l 858) vi dudi hinh thdi KT-XH phong kien thdp kem nhu dd neu tren, he thd'ng quan chiic

(PK), ddy Id thdi ki dd't nudc to gidnh duqc ddc cuo bd mdy nhd nudc, bd mdy qudn li cdc hoqt

ldp, ehu quyen vd todn ven Idnh thd. Nghien ciiu ddng cuo todn xd hqi to trong thdi PK chi bao

vd ehi ra sy che udc eiia nhiing dieu kien KT-XH gdm 3 loqi quon ehtic chinh Id: cdc quan vd, cdc

ddi vdi quon niem ve ngudi tdi vd viee GDNT, dnh ehi huy luc lugng qudn su ldm nhiem vy chien

hudng ciia quan niem ve ngudi tdi de'n chinh sdch ddu de dung nen vuong trieu; cdc quan vdn Id

Ehdt trien nhdn tdi Id mye dich co bdn ciia bdi ngudi cai trj ddn, xdy dyng vd ciing cd nen tdng

do ndy. Ddng thdi, ddy cung Id co sd de chung kinh te - chinh trj cuo che do ciio vuong trieu, duy

to cd the so sdnh vd nhin thd'y tien trinh phdt trien tri sy tdn tqi cuo nd. He thd'ng quon vdn khd ddng

cuo quan niem ve ngudi tdi vd ehinh sdch trqng ddo, da dqng, phiic tqp, nen loqi hinh hjyen chpn,

dyng nhdn tdi d nude ta qua cdc thdi ki ljch sti. cdch thiic bd tiic vd ndng coo toy nghe dd'i vdi

1. Nhi/ng nhdn td cobdn chi phd'i quon niem quon vdn cung rdt phong phu. Cdc loi dien - ngudi

ve ngudi tdi vd viec GDNT d nudc ta thdi PK giup viec cho cdc quon vdn, quan vd theo quon

Quan niem cua con ngudi ve vd'n de ndo dd

ludn eh ju sy chi phdi bdi hodn cdnh xung quanh, * NCS Tnrdng BHSP quoc gia Itloskva - Lien bang Nga

_^_^_ Tap ehi Giao due s6 22 4 (ki 2 -10/2009)