Phát ngôn - biến thể cú pháp của câu

56 NGON NGtr & Bin S6N G si 2 (244)-2016

PHAT NGON - BIEN THE CU PHAP CUA CAU

UTTERANCE - SYNTACTIC VARIANTS OF SENTENCE

DITON G XUA N QUANG

(ThS-NCS; Dai hpc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hk N$i)

Abstract: This article interests m the close relation between Sentence and Utterance. We

discussed the utterance, that difference sentence as Langue is the opposite of Parole, by the

analysis of the content of concept - syntactic variant. And the utterance is mvestigated by

semiotics with three aspects: syntactics - semantics - pragmatics. The most important aim of

this researeh is to discover the foundation of utterance (reality) by sentence (abstract).

Key words: Sentence, Utterance, Syntactic variant.

1. Dan nhap

Trong tieng Latin e6 mft tuySn ngfin: "Nihil

est in lingua, quod non fiierit in oratione",

nghTa 1^: "Khdng cd mpt cdi gi trong ngdn ngO"

md lgi khdng cd trong cdu ruii"" [din theo Cao

Xuan H90 2005: 26] nhSm khang djnh vi hi d§c

bift ciia cau noi trong nghien cuu ngon ngiJ.

Myc dich cua mpi cSu n6i Ii de truyen tdi

nhOng th5ng difp. Thong difp ay la nhOng

nhSn dinh, nhimg danh gid cfta ngircri noi ve

nhihig sir tinh cua th^ gidi khdch quan. Tuy

nhien do nhung hoan canh giao tiep khac nhau

mk nhQng nfi dung thflng difp dugc t6 chiic

khdc nhau theo dfing nhu cau giao tilp cy the.

Sdn pham ciia qud trinh th ehijcc that^ nhflng

t^n t^i cy thi trong hifn thyc ndi ndng ay Id

Phdt ngon, hay theo mft s6 quan nifm dinh

danh Id Cau. DT nhien, sy t6n tgi ciia khdi nifm

Phdt ngon ben cgnh khdi nifm bdy lau du ^

tmyen th6ng chdp nhjui sii dyng - Cau hdn chdc

c6 nhihig li do. V§y m6i quan hf giOa Cdu vd

Phdt ngfln la gi? 6 bdi viet ndy, chiing toi sS

trlnh bdy nhimg kiln gidi de ldm ro hon sy khdc

bift cung nhu m6i lien hf bin eh§t gifla hai d6i

tugng nghien eiju co bdn nay. Hay hien ngon

hon, nhifm vy ciia bdi viet Id dinh vj khdi nifm

Phdt n^ n trong he thong ngon ngii hgc dya

tren co so phdn bift ciia F. de Saussure doi vdi

don vj ngfln ngfl- truu tugng vd cdc biin thi \in

ndi ciia n6 trong ddi song thyc tai.

2. Blln the or cap df C3u

Ke tilp nghien ciiu ve biin thi khdi phdt tir

dia hgt Ngif dm - am vi hgc ciia N. Tmbetzkoy

va R. Jakobson, nhflng y nifm dau tien vl bien

the 6 cap do cau ciing dugc mgt thanh vien cua

tnidng phdi Praha Id F. DaneS dua ra nam 1964

trong bdi viet tong kit vh ba binh difn ng|ii€n

cihi cii phdp "A three-level approach to syntex"

(sau ndy dugc tdp hgp trong vyng tgp Travaux

Linguistique de Prague 1966). Theo flng, khSi

nifm ndy nhdm xdc dinh nhung biin dli ciia

mft miu cdu chuin dl tgo n€n nhihig bien tiie

ciia chiing tren co s6 phan tich binh dien to

chOc phdt ngdn. Sau d6 cdc trudng phu C^

tnic, Tgo sinh va Cht>c ndng diu co nhihig (pm

tam khdc nhau tdi hifn tugng ngon ng& nay. Tir

diem nhin Chiie ndng lugn, K. Lambercht dd c6

nhihig kiln giai sau sdc vl bien the d cap d§:

cdu, md rfng nhihig ^ tudng ban dau ciia

Dane§. Ong diing thugt ngfl' "Allosentence" vdi

n^Ta "Id cdc biiu hiin bi mdt cda mpt m?iih

de tuong duong nhau vi ngie nghm nhieng khdc

nhau vi mat hinh thiec vd dung ftpc"

[Lambrecht 1994: 39]. Nhieu nhd ng&hpc danh

gid Lambrecht la ngudi kl tyc cong vifc bj b6

dd ciia DaneS nhu Joybrato Mukheqee (2001),

Thomas Hoffinann & CJraeme Trousdale

(2013), nhung chung tfli cho i^ g Lambrecht c6

vai trfl quan trgng trong vifc dinh Wnh cung

nhu phdt trien khdi nifm biin the d cap dp cau.

Lambercht nhdn manh nhihig tdc dfng tryc tilp

cua cau true thong tin d6i vdi biin the d cap d§

cdu: "Su khdc nhau trong cdu trdc thdng tin

cUa cdu ludn duprc hiiu nhu Id s^ tuang phdn

giiea cdc biin thi..." [Lambrecht 1994: 10] hay

"Trong khi cdu true hinh thdi cu phdp va ngon

diiu cda cdc cdu riing ri cd thi duprc phdn tich

md khdng cdn viin din cdc phgm trii cdu trk