Phản tự sự - dấu hiệu hiện đại hóa trong tư duy nghệ thuật của Lev Tolstoy (trường hợp cái chết của Ivan Ilych)

^' PHA]\ T U SIJ - DAU HIEU BXEIV BAI HOA • • • • •

TRONG TU* DUV NGH€ THUAT CUn L€V TOLSTOV • •

(TRU'ONG HOP cmCHif cunIVnNIL¥CH)

Ths. Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang

Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn

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riii r o /

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Ve Lev Tolstoy, it ai tranh cai vdi luan

diem: dng la mdt nha ed dien ciia the ki XIX.

Tuy nhien khi dpc eae thien tu sir ciia dng,

dae biet la nhirng truyen ngan, truyen vira

viet vao cudi ddi, cd the thay, neu van hinh

dung tac pham theo each hinh dung ve tu sir

truyen thdng, ta se bd qua rat nhieu net dde

dao trong "'chien luge tran thuat" ciia nha

van nay va bo qua nhii-ng nhan td ggi md

them nhii-ng y nghTa ciia cau ehuyen chay

giira va phia sau cae ddng viet. Chiing tdi thir

dpc tac pham ciia dng tir phuo-ng dien la mdt

"phan tu sir"" (anti-narrative), di tim nhiing

dau hieu hien dai hda trong tu duy nghe thuat

ciia nha van nay va ehpn Cdi chet cua Ivan

Ilych - mdt '"thanh tuu kheo leo nhat, hoan

hao nhat va phirc tap nhat"' ciia Lev Tolstoy,

nhu danh gia cua V.Nabokov, de phan tich.

Bai viet ciia chiing tdi khdng phai la

cdng trinh dau tien dat ra khai niem phan lie

su (anti-narrative) khi nghien cim tac pham

ciia Lev Tolstoy. Erie de Haard tir nhii'ng

nam 80 cua the ki XX da viet cudn Narrative

* Ky nicm 100 nam ngay mai cua dai van hao

L.Tolstoy (1828-1910).

' Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Russian

Literature. "The Death of Ivan Ilych" [Cdc bdi giang

ve Vdn hoc Nga. ""Cdi chet ciia Ivan Ilych "]. New

York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. p. 149.

and Anti-Narrative Struclures in Lev Tolslo's

Early Works chi ra nhirng yeu td lam nen

kieu eau true phan tu su trong tae pham cua

Lev Tolstoy. Day la cdng trinh ggi suy nghT

ve each dpc tac pham ciia Lev Tolstoy ndi

rieng va eae tu sir ed dien ciia the ki XIX ndi

chung theo ldi "ngugc" vdi nhirng "md hinh""

tran thuat da dinh hinh ve van hpc giai doan

nay^. Tuy nhien, chimg tdi nhan thay diem

dirng eiia Erie de Haard la d chd: Kham pha

cac yeu td mang tinh "phan tir sir"" trong cac

tac pham thdi ki dau ciia Lev Tolstoy, nhung

nha nghien ciru hau nhu chua chi ra nguyen

tac CO ban ciia each td chirc cau true, ket can

tu sir dii rang hai khai mem fahula va syuzhel

trd di trd lai rat nhieu lan, khien cho ngudi

dpc cam giac nhu day la mdt sir liet ke don

gian cac yeu td va dau hieu bieu hien tinh

chat 'phan tu sir". Hon nira, trong sudt cdng

trinh ciia minh, Eric de Haard da qua di sau

vao cac yeu td mang tinh chat hinh thuc ciia

tac pham ma chua cd sir li giai xac dang va

' Eric de Haard, Narrative and Anti-Nurrative

Structures in Lev Tolstoy's Early Works [Cdu trite tu

sic vd phdn tu sir trong cdc tdc pham thai ki ddu cuu

Lev Tolstoy]. Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics,

volume XVI. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989.

' Ve mot so dac trung ciia mo thuc ty su truyen th6ng

xin xem Robert Scholes (2007), The Nature of

Narrative [Bdn chdt ciia ttr su], Oxford University

Press, Lodon Oxford New York, 416 p. ... . ,<