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Nanomaterials
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K20504
Nanomaterials are being incorporated into products all around us,
having an incredible impact on durability, strength, functionality, and
other material properties. There are a vast number of nanomaterials
presently available, and new formulations and chemistries are being
announced daily.
Nanomaterials: A Guide to Fabrication and Applications provides
product developers, researchers, and materials scientists with a handy
resource for understanding the range of options and materials currently
available. Covering a variety of nanomaterials and their applications,
this practical reference:
• Discusses the scale of nanomaterials and nanomachines, focusing
on integrated circuits (ICs) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
• Offers insight into different nanomaterials’ interactions with chemical
reactions, biological processes, and the environment
• Examines the mechanical properties of nanomaterials and potential
treatments to enhance the nanomaterials’ performance
• Details recent accomplishments in the use of nanomaterials to create
new forms of electronic devices
• Explores the optical properties of certain nanomaterials and the
nanomaterials’ use in optimizing lasers and optical absorbers
• Describes an energy storage application as well as how nanomaterials
from waste products may be used to improve capacitors
Featuring contributions from experts around the globe, Nanomaterials: A Guide to Fabrication and Applications serves as a springboard for the discovery of new applications of nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials
A Guide to Fabrication and Applications
Engineering - Electrical
ISBN: 978-1-4665-9125-7
9 781466 591257
90000
Nanomaterials
Edited by
Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
A Guide to Fabrication and Applications
N a n o m a t e r i a l s Krishnamoorthy
Nanomaterials
A Guide to Fabrication and Applications
Devices, Circuits, and Systems
Series Editor
Krzysztof Iniewski
Emerging Technologies CMOS Inc.
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
PUBLISHED TITLES:
Analog Electronics for Radiation Detection
Renato Turchetta
Atomic Nanoscale Technology in the Nuclear Industry
Taeho Woo
Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies
Krzysztof Iniewski
Building Sensor Networks: From Design to Applications
Ioanis Nikolaidis and Krzysztof Iniewski
Cell and Material Interface: Advances in Tissue Engineering,
Biosensor, Implant, and Imaging Technologies
Nihal Engin Vrana
Circuits at the Nanoscale: Communications, Imaging, and Sensing
Krzysztof Iniewski
CMOS: Front-End Electronics for Radiation Sensors
Angelo Rivetti
CMOS Time-Mode Circuits and Systems: Fundamentals
and Applications
Fei Yuan
Design of 3D Integrated Circuits and Systems
Rohit Sharma
Electrical Solitons: Theory, Design, and Applications
David Ricketts and Donhee Ham
Electronics for Radiation Detection
Krzysztof Iniewski
Electrostatic Discharge Protection: Advances and Applications
Juin J. Liou
Embedded and Networking Systems:
Design, Software, and Implementation
Gul N. Khan and Krzysztof Iniewski
Energy Harvesting with Functional Materials and Microsystems
Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram, and Krzysztof Iniewski
Devices, Circuits, and Systems
Series Editor
Krzysztof Iniewski
Emerging Technologies CMOS Inc.
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
PUBLISHED TITLES:
Analog Electronics for Radiation Detection
Renato Turchetta
Atomic Nanoscale Technology in the Nuclear Industry
Taeho Woo
Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies
Krzysztof Iniewski
Building Sensor Networks: From Design to Applications
Ioanis Nikolaidis and Krzysztof Iniewski
Cell and Material Interface: Advances in Tissue Engineering,
Biosensor, Implant, and Imaging Technologies
Nihal Engin Vrana
Circuits at the Nanoscale: Communications, Imaging, and Sensing
Krzysztof Iniewski
CMOS: Front-End Electronics for Radiation Sensors
Angelo Rivetti
CMOS Time-Mode Circuits and Systems: Fundamentals
and Applications
Fei Yuan
Design of 3D Integrated Circuits and Systems
Rohit Sharma
Electrical Solitons: Theory, Design, and Applications
David Ricketts and Donhee Ham
Electronics for Radiation Detection
Krzysztof Iniewski
Electrostatic Discharge Protection: Advances and Applications
Juin J. Liou
Embedded and Networking Systems:
Design, Software, and Implementation
Gul N. Khan and Krzysztof Iniewski
Energy Harvesting with Functional Materials and Microsystems
Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram, and Krzysztof Iniewski
Gallium Nitride (GaN): Physics, Devices, and Technology
Farid Medjdoub
Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Nanostuctures:
Techniques and Applications
James E. Morris and Krzysztof Iniewski
High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THz Applications
Jung Han Choi
High-Speed Photonics Interconnects
Lukas Chrostowski and Krzysztof Iniewski
High Frequency Communication and Sensing:
Traveling-Wave Techniques
Ahmet Tekin and Ahmed Emira
Integrated Microsystems: Electronics, Photonics, and Biotechnology
Krzysztof Iniewski
Integrated Power Devices and TCAD Simulation
Yue Fu, Zhanming Li, Wai Tung Ng, and Johnny K.O. Sin
Internet Networks: Wired, Wireless, and Optical Technologies
Krzysztof Iniewski
Ionizing Radiation Effects in Electronics: From Memories to Imagers
Marta Bagatin and Simone Gerardin
Labs on Chip: Principles, Design, and Technology
Eugenio Iannone
Laser-Based Optical Detection of Explosives
Paul M. Pellegrino, Ellen L. Holthoff, and Mikella E. Farrell
Low Power Emerging Wireless Technologies
Reza Mahmoudi and Krzysztof Iniewski
Medical Imaging: Technology and Applications
Troy Farncombe and Krzysztof Iniewski
Metallic Spintronic Devices
Xiaobin Wang
MEMS: Fundamental Technology and Applications
Vikas Choudhary and Krzysztof Iniewski
Micro- and Nanoelectronics: Emerging Device Challenges and Solutions
Tomasz Brozek
Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit
Eric Lagally
PUBLISHED TITLES:
MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards,
EMC, and Advanced Processing
Lars Torsten Berger, Andreas Schwager, Pascal Pagani, and Daniel Schneider
Mixed-Signal Circuits
Thomas Noulis
Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design
Walter Karlen
Multisensor Data Fusion: From Algorithm and Architecture Design
to Applications
Hassen Fourati
Nano-Semiconductors: Devices and Technology
Krzysztof Iniewski
Nanoelectronic Device Applications Handbook
James E. Morris and Krzysztof Iniewski
Nanomaterials: A Guide to Fabrication and Applications
Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications
Šeila Selimovic´
Nanoplasmonics: Advanced Device Applications
James W. M. Chon and Krzysztof Iniewski
Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories: Technology and Applications
Santosh K. Kurinec and Krzysztof Iniewski
Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications
Laurent A. Francis and Krzysztof Iniewski
Optical, Acoustic, Magnetic, and Mechanical Sensor Technologies
Krzysztof Iniewski
Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications
Ginu Rajan
Optical Imaging Devices: New Technologies and Applications
Ajit Khosla and Dongsoo Kim
Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Devices, Interfaces, and Modeling
Qiquan Qiao
Physical Design for 3D Integrated Circuits
Aida Todri-Sanial and Chuan Seng Tan
Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging
Jan S. Iwanczyk
Radiation Effects in Semiconductors
Krzysztof Iniewski
PUBLISHED TITLES:
Reconfigurable Logic: Architecture, Tools, and Applications
Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon
Semiconductor Radiation Detection Systems
Krzysztof Iniewski
Smart Grids: Clouds, Communications, Open Source, and Automation
David Bakken
Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications
Krzysztof Iniewski
Soft Errors: From Particles to Circuits
Jean-Luc Autran and Daniela Munteanu
Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications
Salah Awadalla
Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion
Kevin Yallup and Krzysztof Iniewski
Telecommunication Networks
Eugenio Iannone
Testing for Small-Delay Defects in Nanoscale CMOS Integrated Circuits
Sandeep K. Goel and Krishnendu Chakrabarty
VLSI: Circuits for Emerging Applications
Tomasz Wojcicki
Wireless Technologies: Circuits, Systems, and Devices
Krzysztof Iniewski
Wireless Transceiver Circuits: System Perspectives and Design Aspects
Woogeun Rhee
FORTHCOMING TITLES:
Advances in Imaging and Sensing
Shuo Tang and Daryoosh Saeedkia
Circuits and Systems for Security and Privacy
Farhana Sheikh and Leonel Sousa
Magnetic Sensors: Technologies and Applications
Laurent A. Francis and Kirill Poletkin
MRI: Physics, Image Reconstruction, and Analysis
Angshul Majumdar and Rabab Ward
Multisensor Attitude Estimation: Fundamental Concepts and Applications
Hassen Fourati and Djamel Eddine Chouaib Belkhiat
Nanoelectronics: Devices, Circuits, and Systems
Nikos Konofaos
PUBLISHED TITLES:
MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards,
EMC, and Advanced Processing
Lars Torsten Berger, Andreas Schwager, Pascal Pagani, and Daniel Schneider
Mixed-Signal Circuits
Thomas Noulis
Mobile Point-of-Care Monitors and Diagnostic Device Design
Walter Karlen
Multisensor Data Fusion: From Algorithm and Architecture Design
to Applications
Hassen Fourati
Nano-Semiconductors: Devices and Technology
Krzysztof Iniewski
Nanoelectronic Device Applications Handbook
James E. Morris and Krzysztof Iniewski
Nanomaterials: A Guide to Fabrication and Applications
Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications
Šeila Selimovic´
Nanoplasmonics: Advanced Device Applications
James W. M. Chon and Krzysztof Iniewski
Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories: Technology and Applications
Santosh K. Kurinec and Krzysztof Iniewski
Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications
Laurent A. Francis and Krzysztof Iniewski
Optical, Acoustic, Magnetic, and Mechanical Sensor Technologies
Krzysztof Iniewski
Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications
Ginu Rajan
Optical Imaging Devices: New Technologies and Applications
Ajit Khosla and Dongsoo Kim
Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Devices, Interfaces, and Modeling
Qiquan Qiao
Physical Design for 3D Integrated Circuits
Aida Todri-Sanial and Chuan Seng Tan
Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging
Jan S. Iwanczyk
Radiation Effects in Semiconductors
Krzysztof Iniewski
PUBLISHED TITLES:
Reconfigurable Logic: Architecture, Tools, and Applications
Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon
Semiconductor Radiation Detection Systems
Krzysztof Iniewski
Smart Grids: Clouds, Communications, Open Source, and Automation
David Bakken
Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications
Krzysztof Iniewski
Soft Errors: From Particles to Circuits
Jean-Luc Autran and Daniela Munteanu
Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications
Salah Awadalla
Technologies for Smart Sensors and Sensor Fusion
Kevin Yallup and Krzysztof Iniewski
Telecommunication Networks
Eugenio Iannone
Testing for Small-Delay Defects in Nanoscale CMOS Integrated Circuits
Sandeep K. Goel and Krishnendu Chakrabarty
VLSI: Circuits for Emerging Applications
Tomasz Wojcicki
Wireless Technologies: Circuits, Systems, and Devices
Krzysztof Iniewski
Wireless Transceiver Circuits: System Perspectives and Design Aspects
Woogeun Rhee
FORTHCOMING TITLES:
Advances in Imaging and Sensing
Shuo Tang and Daryoosh Saeedkia
Circuits and Systems for Security and Privacy
Farhana Sheikh and Leonel Sousa
Magnetic Sensors: Technologies and Applications
Laurent A. Francis and Kirill Poletkin
MRI: Physics, Image Reconstruction, and Analysis
Angshul Majumdar and Rabab Ward
Multisensor Attitude Estimation: Fundamental Concepts and Applications
Hassen Fourati and Djamel Eddine Chouaib Belkhiat
Nanoelectronics: Devices, Circuits, and Systems
Nikos Konofaos
PUBLISHED TITLES:
FORTHCOMING TITLES:
Power Management Integrated Circuits and Technologies
Mona M. Hella and Patrick Mercier
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Sebastian Magierowski
Semiconductor Devices in Harsh Conditions
Kirsten Weide-Zaage and Malgorzata Chrzanowska-Jeske
Smart eHealth and eCare Technologies Handbook
Sari Merilampi, Lars T. Berger, and Andrew Sirkka
Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Fiber
Optic Methods
Ginu Rajan and Gangadhara Prusty
Tunable RF Components and Circuits: Applications in Mobile Handsets
Jeffrey L. Hilbert
Wireless Medical Systems and Algorithms: Design and Applications
Pietro Salvo and Miguel Hernandez-Silveira
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Boca Raton London New York
Nanomaterials
Edited by
Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST),
Luxembourg
A Guide to Fabrication and Applications
Krzysztof Iniewski MANAGING EDITOR
Emerging Technologies CMOS Inc.
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
FORTHCOMING TITLES:
Power Management Integrated Circuits and Technologies
Mona M. Hella and Patrick Mercier
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
Sebastian Magierowski
Semiconductor Devices in Harsh Conditions
Kirsten Weide-Zaage and Malgorzata Chrzanowska-Jeske
Smart eHealth and eCare Technologies Handbook
Sari Merilampi, Lars T. Berger, and Andrew Sirkka
Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Fiber
Optic Methods
Ginu Rajan and Gangadhara Prusty
Tunable RF Components and Circuits: Applications in Mobile Handsets
Jeffrey L. Hilbert
Wireless Medical Systems and Algorithms: Design and Applications
Pietro Salvo and Miguel Hernandez-Silveira
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20151008
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-9126-4 (eBook - PDF)
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ix
Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xiii
Editors ......................................................................................................................xv
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Top Down Meets Bottom Up for Nanoscale CMOS and MEMS .......... 1
Arindam Kushagra, Sampath Satti, and V. Ramgopal Rao
Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly of Inorganic and Inorganic–Organic
Hybrid Nanomaterials by Microreactor-Assisted Chemical
Processes ............................................................................................23
Ki-Joong Kim, Chang-Ho Choi, Seung-Yeol Han,
and Chih-Hung Chang
Chapter 3 Studying Biologically Templated Materials with Atomic Force
Microscopy ......................................................................................... 53
Andrew J. Lee and Christoph Walti
Chapter 4 Environmental Fate and Effects of Nanomaterials in Aquatic
Freshwater Environments ...................................................................95
Arno C. Gutleb, Sébastien Cambier, Teresa Fernandes,
Anastasia Georgantzopoulou, Thomas A.J. Kuhlbusch,
Iseult Lynch, Ailbhe Macken, Kahina Mehennaoui,
Ruth Moeller, Carmen Nickel, W. Peijnenburg, and Tomasso Serchi
Chapter 5 Magnetron-Sputtered Hard Nanostructured TiAlN Coatings:
Strategic Approach toward Potential Improvement ......................... 123
Vishal Khetan, Nathalie Valle, Marie Paule Delplancke,
and Patrick Choquet
Chapter 6 Functional Nanoceramics: A Brief Review on Structure
Property Evolutions of Advanced Functional Ceramics
Processed Using Microwave and Conventional Techniques ............ 145
Santiranjan Shannigrahi and Mohit Sharma
Chapter 7 Design of Magnetic Semiconductors in Silicon ............................... 167
Michael Shaughnessy, Liam Damewood, and Ching-Yao Fong
x Contents
Chapter 8 Solution-Based Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film
Logic Gate ........................................................................................ 195
Yan Duan, Jason Juhala, and Wei Xue
Chapter 9 On the Possibility of Observing Tunable Laser-Induced Band
Gaps in Graphene ............................................................................. 215
Hernán L. Calvo, Horacio M. Pastawski, Stephan Roche,
and Luis E.F. Foa Torres
Chapter 10 Applications of Nanocarbons for High-Efficiency Optical
Absorbers and High-Performance Nanoelectromechanical
Systems ............................................................................................. 237
Anupama B. Kaul, Jaesung Lee, and Philip X.-L. Feng
Chapter 11 Carbon Nanostructures from Biomass Waste for Supercapacitor
Applications ...................................................................................... 261
Ankit Tyagi and Raju Kumar Gupta
Index ......................................................................................................................283
xi
Foreword
Nanomaterials are being incorporated into products all around us and are having an
incredible impact on durability, strength, functionality, and other material properties. There are a vast number of nanomaterials presently available, and new formulations and chemistries are being announced daily. The range of options and available
materials creates a difficulty for the researcher who wishes to improve his product
and doesn’t understand the properties and potentialities of the various nanomaterials.
This book was compiled with a view to helping product developers and material
scientists to understand the various types of nanomaterials and their applications.
In Chapter 1, Kushagra et al. provide an overview and discussion of the scale
of nanomaterials and nanomachines, relating specifically to integrated circuits and
microelectromechanical systems.
Nanomaterials can offer extremely high ratios of surface area to volume, and this
has an impact on both the physics and the chemistry of reactions. Chapters 2 through
4 offer insight into the interactions of different nanomaterials with chemical reactions, with biological processes, and the effects on the environment.
The strength of nanotubes, 2D materials such as graphene, and nanocoatings is
transforming material science. Chapters 5 and 6 relate to the mechanical properties of nanomaterials and the potential treatments that can be used to improve their
performance.
Although electronic devices have followed Moore’s law for decades, basic physical limitations may be bringing predictable performance improvements to an end.
Chapters 7 and 8 describe some of the most recent accomplishments in the use of
nanomaterials to create new forms of electronic devices. Some of these techniques
may usher in a new era of high-speed computation or storage.
Chapters 9 and 10 discuss the optical properties of certain nanomaterials and
their real-world applications in improving lasers and optical absorbers.
Finally, Chapter 11 describes an application in the area of energy storage and ways
in which nanomaterials from waste products may be used to improve capacitors.
We hope that the readers find this book informative and exciting and that it serves
to lead them to the discovery of new applications of nanomaterials.
Gordon Harling
Glen Hart Inc.
xiii
Acknowledgments
We thank Jessica Vakili and Nora Konopka at Taylor & Francis Group for their
perseverance and professionalism.