Một số quan niệm về dạy học phân hoá

MOT SO QUAN NIEiVI VE DAY HOC PHAN HOA

O ThS. LE THI THU HUONG*

Trong mdt Idp hge, hoc sinh (HS) dii cung mdt

do tudi nhung vdn ludn cd nhiJng khde biet

nhd't djnh ve the chd't, sd thich, tfnh cdch, ndng

lyc, thien hudng, trinh do phdt trien tu duy... Bdi

vdy, sy tuong ddng giiJa cdc HS Id hien nhien, cdn

nhung khde biet Id nhdn to quan trgng de gido vien

(GV) lya chgn ndi dung, phuong phdp, hinh thiic td

chiic, phuong tfen dqy hge (DH) cho phCi hgp.

Dqy hoc phdn hda (DHPH) khdng phdi Id hinh

thiie DH mdi nhung cd the phdt huy rd't nhieu tdc

dyng vd hieu qud tich cue, nhd't Id trong bd'i cdnh

HS dang roi vdo tfnh trqng hge qud tdi, ehdn hge,

chd't lugng gido dye khdng coo nhu hien nay... DHPH

khdng phdi Id hinh thiic DH uu viet duy nhd't nhung

Id con dudng gdp phdn ndng coo hieu qud cuo

qud trinh DH.

Theo PGS.TS. Ddng Thdnh Hung: DHPH thuc chdt

Id tqo ra nhdng khde biet nhdt dinh frong ndi dung

va phuong thuc hogt ddng cua hge trinh (tdng the

hoac d tung cdp hge, Idp hge, mdn hge, bdi hge)

bang cdch thief kevd thuc hien hge trinh theo nhieu

hudng khde nhau dua vdo nhdm nang luc, hung thu

hoqc nhu cdu hge tap cua ngudi hge (NH) vd myc

tieu gido dye xa hgl (1).

Ndi cdch khde, DHPH ddi hdi phdi td chiic, tfen

hdnh cdc hoqt ddng DH dya tren nhiing khde biet

cuo NH ve ndng lyc, sd thieh, nhu cdu vd cdc dieu

kien hge tdp, nhdm tqo ro nhiJng ket qud hqc tdp tdt

nhd't cliofslH.

Tren the gidi, cung cd nhieu quan niem khde nhau

ve DHPH: 1) DHPH Id «sdp xep" nhdng gi dien ra

tren Idp de HS cd nhieu co hdi lua chgn cho minh

cdch thuc chiem tinh tri thuc, kl nang va dien dgt

nhdng gi md hg hge dugc; nghTa Id, DHPH se cung

cdp cho NH nhdng con dudng khac nhau de tinh

hgi ndi dung DH. Thdng qua dd, HS dqt dugc hieu

qud hge tap cao hem (2); 2) DHPH Id cdch dqy md a

dd GV Id ngudi tien phong frong viec thay ddi

chuang trinh, phuong phap DH, ngudn hge lieu, hogt

dgng hoc cOa HS va sdn phdm hge tap nhdm ddp

ung nhu cdu cua mdt cd nhan hoqc nhdm HS defqo

ca hgi hge tap tdt nhdf cho moi HS frong lap (3);

3) DHPH Id chia HS thanh cdc nhom ddi tugng khde

Tap ehi Giao due s6 244 (ki a • s/aoi o)

nhau theo trinh do hge vdn, nang luc nhdn thuc,

ngdn ngd, khd nang tu duy, sd thich, nhu cdu...

DHPH Id cdch tiep can dqy vd hge ddp ung

nhdng ddi tugng HS khde nhau frong cung mdt

Idp. Myc dich cua DHPH Id fdi da hda nang

luc cua moi cd nhdn bdng cdch tgo ra cho NH

qud trinh DH phu hgp nhdt vai hg (4).

Nhu vdy, DHPH Id hinh thiie DH duo tren

sy phdn hda (PH) ve trinh do, ndng lye hge tdp

Clio HS vd nhiem vy cuo GV Id Idm sao de td't

cd HS deu tfen bd. Tuy nhien, hqn che cuo

hinh thiic DH ndy Id GV phdi nd lye trong viec

tqo ra cdc nhiem vy, hoqt ddng hqc tdp cho

tung cd nhdn. Dieu ndy ddi hdi rd't nhieu thdi

gian vd cdng siic cua GV; mdt khde, de thiet

ke nhCrng hoqt ddng dgy khde nhou phu hgp

vdi trinh do kien thiic, kT ndng cuo tiJng HS,

GV phdi ehia nhd cdc nhiem vy hqc tdp cuo

HS vd nhCrng nhiem vy dd cd the chdng lien

quan gi vdi nhau.

Mde du DHPH eung dyo tren sy phdn hda

ve trinh do nhdn thiic, ndng lye tu duy, nhiing

khde biet giCro cdc HS vd deu hudng de'n myc

dich phdt huy tdi do tfem ndng hge tdp eua

NH nhung nhung hoqt ddng dgy - hge, nhiem

vy hge tdp dugc thie't ke khdng phdi Id cho

tiing cd nhdn. Ddi vol hinh thiic DH ndy, cd khi

GV cdn Idm viec vdi todn Idp, cd khi Idm viee

vdi nhdm hode ddi khi Idm viec vol cd nhdn

HS. DHPH ddng voi trd quan trgng trong viec

glijp HS hge tdp tfen bg, ndng coo trinh do

kien thiic, kT ndng, ddng thdi giup HS phdt

trien kT ndng hgp tdc.

DHPH khdng phdi Id mot qud trinh DH «ldn

xdn": Do so GV mdi vdo nghe deu lung tiing

trong viec dieu khien qud trinh DH, khdng kiem

sodt dugc hoqt dgng hge eua HS. Tuy nhien,

thdng qua DHPH, hg se cdm thdy on tdm vd

hodn todn thodi mdi trong viec dieu khien qud

trinh DH. Tuy nhien, ne'u so vdi ede GV thuc

hien DH ddng loqt cung mdt ngi dung, phuang

* TnTcfng Dai hpc stf pham - Dai hpc Thai Nguyen

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