Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease pot

Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease 9th edition (January 1999): by Maurice E. Shils (Editor), James A. Olson (Editor), Moshe Shike (Editor), A. Catherine

Ross (Editor) By Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins

By OkDoKeY

Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease

Contents

Editors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contributors

PART I. SPECIFIC DIETARY COMPONENTS

Section A. Major Dietary Constituents and Energy Needs

Chapter 1. Defining the Essentiality of Nutrients

ALFRED E. HARPER

Chapter 2. Proteins and Amino Acids

DWIGHT E. MATTHEWS

Chapter 3. Carbohydrates

ROY J. LEVIN

Chapter 4. Lipids, Sterols, and Their Metabolites

PETER J.H. JONES AND STANLEY KUBOW

Chapter 5. Energy Needs: Assessment and Requirements in Humans

ERIC T. POEHLMAN AND EDWARD S. HORTON

Section B. Minerals

Chapter 6. Electrolytes, Water, and Acid-Base Balance

MAN S. OH AND JAIME URIBARRI

Chapter 7. Calcium

CONNIE M. WEAVER AND ROBERT P. HEANEY

Chapter 8. Phosphorus

JAMES P. KNOCHEL

Chapter 9. Magnesium

MAURICE E. SHILS

Chapter 10. Iron in Medicine and Nutrition

VIRGIL F. FAIRBANKS

Chapter 11. Zinc

JANET C. KING AND CARL L. KEEN

Chapter 12. Copper

JUDITH R. TURNLUND

Chapter 13. Iodine

BASIL S. HETZEL AND GRAEME A. CLUGSTON

Chapter 14. Selenium

RAYMOND F. BURK AND ORVILLE A. LEVANDER

Chapter 15. Chromium

BARBARA J. STOECKER

Chapter 16. Ultratrace Minerals

FORREST H. NIELSEN

Section C. Vitamins

Chapter 17. Vitamin A and Retinoids

A. CATHARINE ROSS

Chapter 18. Vitamin D

MICHAEL F. HOLICK

Chapter 19. Vitamin E

MARET G. TRABER

Chapter 20. Vitamin K

ROBERT E. OLSON

Chapter 21. Thiamin

VICHAI TANPHAICHITR

Chapter 22. Riboflavin

DONALD B. McCORMICK

Chapter 23. Niacin

DANIEL CERVANTES-LAUREAN, N. GERARD McELVANEY AND JOEL MOSS

Chapter 24. Vitamin B6

JAMES E. LEKLEM

Chapter 25. Pantothenic Acid

NORA PLESOFSKY-VIG

Chapter 26. Folic Acid

VICTOR HERBERT

Chapter 27. Vitamin B12 “Cobalamin”

DONALD G. WEIR AND JOHN M. SCOTT

Chapter 28. Biotin

DONALD M. MOCK

Chapter 29. Vitamin C

ROBERT A. JACOB

Section D. Signs Of Clinical Deficiencies

Chapter 30. Clinical Manifestations of Human Vitamin and Mineral Disorders: A Resumé

DONALD S. McLAREN

Section E. Organic Compounds with Nutritional Relevance

Chapter 31. Carnitine

CHARLES J. REBOUCHE

Chapter 32. Choline and Phosphatidylcholine

STEVEN H. ZEISEL

Chapter 33. Carotenoids

JAMES ALLEN OLSON

Chapter 34. Homocysteine, Cysteine, and Taurine

MARTHA H. STIPANUK

Chapter 35. Glutamine and Arginine

STEVE F. ABCOUWER AND WILEY W. SOUBA

PART II. NUTRITION IN INTEGRATED BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS

Section A. Tutorials in Physiologic Regulation

Chapter 36. Nutritional Regulation of Gene Expression

ROBERT J. COUSINS

Chapter 37. Transmembrane Signaling

ROBERT A. GABBAY AND JEFFREY S. FLIER

Chapter 38. Membrane Channels and Transporters: Paths of Discovery

DAVID ERLIJ

Chapter 39. The Alimentary Tract in Nutrition

SAMUEL KLEIN, STEVEN M. COHN, AND DAVID H. ALPERS

Section B. Genetic, Physiologic, and Metabolic Considerations

Chapter 40. Control of Food Intake

GERARD P. SMITH

Chapter 41. Metabolic Consequences of Starvation

L. JOHN HOFFER

Chapter 42. Nutrition and the Chemical Senses

RICHARD D. MATTES

Chapter 43. Fiber and Other Dietary Factors Affecting Nutrient Absorption and Metabolism

DAVID J. A. JENKINS, THOMAS M. S. WOLEVER, AND ALEXANDRA L. JENKINS

Chapter 44. Hormone, Cytokine, and Nutrient Interactions

IRWIN G. BRODSKY

Chapter 45. Nutrition and the Immune System

STEVEN H. YOSHIDA, CARL L. KEEN, AFTAB A. ANSARI, AND M. ERIC GERSHWIN

Chapter 46. Oxidative Stress and Oxidant Defense

JAMES A. THOMAS

Chapter 47. Diet in Work and Exercise Performance

ERIC HULTMAN, ROGER C. HARRIS, AND LAWRENCE L. SPRIET

Chapter 48. Nutrition in Space

HELEN W. LANE AND SCOTT M. SMITH

Section C. Nutritional Needs During the Life Cycle

Chapter 49. Body Composition: Influence of Nutrition, Physical Activity, Growth, and Aging

GILBERT B. FORBES

Chapter 50. Maternal Nutrition

WILLIAM J. McGANITY, EARL B. DAWSON, AND JAMES W. VAN HOOK

Chapter 51. Nutritional Requirements During Infancy

WILLIAM C. HEIRD

Chapter 52. Diet, Nutrition, and Adolescence

FELIX P. HEALD AND ELIZABETH J. GONG

Chapter 53. Nutrition in the Elderly

LYNNE M. AUSMAN AND ROBERT M. RUSSELL

PART III. DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL

Chapter 54. Clinical Nutrition Assessment of Infants and Children

VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS AND ELLEN B. FUNG

Chapter 55. Clinical and Functional Assessment of Adults

JEANETTE M. NEWTON AND CHARLES H. HALSTED

Chapter 56. Nutritional Assessment of Malnutrition by Anthropometric Methods

STEVEN B. HEYMSFIELD, RICHARD N. BAUMGARTNER, AND SHEAU-FANG PAN

Chapter 57. Laboratory Tests for Assessing Nutritional Status

NANCY W. ALCOCK

Chapter 58. Dietary Assessment

JOHANNA DWYER

PART IV. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE

Section A. Pediatric and Adolescent Disorders

Chapter 59. Protein-Energy Malnutrition

BENJAMIN TORUN AND FRANCISCO CHEW

Chapter 60. Malnutrition among Children in the United States: The Impact of Poverty

ROBERT KARP

Chapter 61. Nutritional Support of Inherited Metabolic Disease

LOUIS J. ELSAS II AND PHYLLIS B. ACOSTA

Chapter 62. Inherited Metabolic Disease: Defects of b-Oxidation

JERRY VOCKLEY

Chapter 63. Childhood Obesity

WILLIAM H. DIETZ

Chapter 64. Nutritional Management of Infants and Children with Specific Diseases and/or Conditions

WILLIAM C. HEIRD AND ARTHUR COOPER

Section B. Disorders of the Alimentary Tract

Chapter 65. Assessment of Malabsorption

DARLENE G. KELLY

Chapter 66. Nutrition in Relation to Dental Medicine

DOMINICK P. DEPAOLA, MARY P. FAINE, AND CAROLE A. PALMER

Chapter 67. The Esophagus and Stomach

WILLIAM F. STENSON

Chapter 68. Short Bowel Syndrome

JAMES S. SCOLAPIO AND C. RICHARD FLEMING†

Chapter 69. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

ANNE M. GRIFFITHS

Chapter 70. Diseases of the Small Bowel

PENNY S. TURTEL AND MOSHE SHIKE

Chapter 71. Celiac Disease

J. JOSEPH CONNON

Chapter 72. Nutrition in Pancreatic Disorders

MASSIMO RAIMONDO AND EUGENE P. DIMAGNO

Chapter 73. Nutrition in Liver Disorders

C. S. LIEBER

Section C. Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders

Chapter 74. Nutrient and Genetic Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism

CLAY F. SEMENKOVICH

Chapter 75. Nutrition and Diet in the Management of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis

SCOTT M. GRUNDY

Chapter 76. Nutrition, Diet, and Hypertension

THEODORE A. KOTCHEN AND JANE MORLEY KOTCHEN

Chapter 77. Chronic Congestive Heart Failure

CHARLES HUGHES AND PATRICIA KOSTKA

Section D. Prevention and Management of Cancer

Chapter 78. Molecular Basis of Human Neoplasia

PAUL D. SAVAGE

Chapter 79. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Cancer

WALTER C. WILLETT

Chapter 80. Carcinogens in Foods

TAKASHI SUGIMURA AND KEIJI WAKABAYASHI

Chapter 81. Chemoprevention of Cancer

DIANE F. BIRT, JAMES D. SHULL, AND ANN L. YAKTINE

Chapter 82. Nutritional Support of the Cancer Patient

MAURICE E. SHILS AND MOSHE SHIKE

Section E. Prevention and Management of Skeletal and Joint Disorders

Chapter 83. Bone Biology in Health and Disease

ROBERT P. HEANEY

Chapter 84. Nutrition and Diet in Rheumatic Diseases

CLAUDIO GALPERIN, BRUCE J. GERMAN, AND M. ERIC GERSHWIN

Chapter 85. Osteoporosis

ELIZABETH A. KRALL AND BESS DAWSON-HUGHES

Section F. Other Systemic Diseases and Disorders

Chapter 86. Nutritional Management of Diabetes Mellitus

JAMES W. ANDERSON

Chapter 87. Obesity

F. XAVIER PI-SUNYER

Chapter 88. Nutritional Aspects of Hematologic Disorders

ISRAEL CHANARIN

Chapter 89. Renal Disorders and Nutrition

JOEL D. KOPPLE

Chapter 90. Nutrition, Respiratory Function, and Disease

MARGARET M. JOHNSON, ROBERT CHIN, JR., AND EDWARD F. HAPONIK

Chapter 91. Nutrition and Retinal Degenerations

ELIOT L. BERSON

Chapter 92. Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergies

HUGH A. SAMPSON

Section G. Psychiatric, Behavioral, and Neurologic Disorders

Chapter 93. Behavioral Disorders Affecting Food Intake: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Other Psychiatric Conditions

DIANE M. HUSE AND ALEXANDER R. LUCAS

Chapter 94. Nutrition and Diet in Alcoholism

LAWRENCE FEINMAN AND CHARLES S. LIEBER

Chapter 95. Nutrition and Diseases of the Nervous System

DOUGLAS R. JEFFERY

Section H. Nutrition, Infection, and Trauma

Chapter 96. The Hypercatabolic State

MICHELLE K. SMITH AND STEPHEN F. LOWRY

Chapter 97. Nutrition and Infection

LUCAS WOLF AND GERALD T. KEUSCH

Chapter 98. Diet and Nutrition in the Care of the Patient with Surgery, Trauma, and Sepsis

WILEY W. SOUBA AND DOUGLAS W. WILMORE

Chapter 99. Diet, Nutrition, and Drug Interactions

VIRGINIA UTERMOHLEN

Section I. Systems of Nutritional Support

Chapter 100. Enteral Feeding

MOSHE SHIKE

Chapter 101. Parenteral Nutrition

MAURICE E. SHILS AND REX O. BROWN

Chapter 102. Nutrition and Medical Ethics: The Interplay of Medical Decisions, Patients’ Rights, and the Judicial System

MAURICE E. SHILS

PART V. DIET AND NUTRITION IN HEALTH OF POPULATIONS

Chapter 103. Recommended Dietary Intakes: Individuals and Populations

GEORGE H. BEATON

Chapter 104. Dietary Goals and Guidelines: National and International Perspectives

A. STEWART TRUSWELL

Chapter 105. Nutrition Monitoring in the United States

MARIE FANELLI KUCZMARSKI AND ROBERT J. KUCZMARSKI

Chapter 106. Nutritional Implications of Vegetarian Diets

PATRICIA K. JOHNSTON

Chapter 107. International Priorities for Clinical and Therapeutic Nutrition in the Context of Public Health Realities

NOEL W. SOLOMONS

Chapter 108. Social and Cultural Influences on Food Consumption and Nutritional Status

SARA A. QUANDT

Chapter 109. Fads, Frauds, and Quackery

STEPHEN BARRETT AND VICTOR D. HERBERT

Chapter 110. Alternative Nutrition Therapies

VICTOR D. HERBERT AND STEPHEN BARRETT

PART VI. ADEQUACY, SAFETY, AND OVERSIGHT OF THE FOOD SUPPLY

Chapter 111. Food Processing: Nutrition, Safety, and Quality Balances

ALEXA W. WILLIAMS AND JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR.

Chapter 112. Designing Functional Foods

WAYNE R. BIDLACK AND WEI WANG

Chapter 113. Food Additives, Contaminants, and Natural Toxins

JOHN N. HATHCOCK AND JEANNE I. RADER

Chapter 114. Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals in Food

A. M. FAN AND R. S. TOMAR

Chapter 115. Food Labeling, Health Claims, and Dietary Supplement Legislation

ALLAN L. FORBES AND STEPHEN H. McNAMARA

PART VII. APPENDIX

ABBY S. BLOCH AND MAURICE E. SHILS

Appendix Contents

Section I. Conversion Factors, Weights and Measures, and Metabolic Water Formation

Section II. National and International Recommended Dietary Reference Values

Section III. Energy and Protein Needs and Anthropometric Data

Section IV. Nutrients, Lipids, and Other Organic Compounds in Beverages and Selected Foods

Section V. Exchange Lists and Therapeutic Diets

Section VI. Internet and Other Sources of Nutrition Information

Contributors

STEVE F. ABCOUWER, Ph.D.

Assistant Biochemist

Department of Surgical Oncology

Massachusetts General Hospital

Instructor, Department of Surgery

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

PHYLLIS B. ACOSTA, Dr.P.H.

Director, Metabolic Diseases

Department of Pediatric Nutrition Research and Development

Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories

Columbus, Ohio

NANCY W. ALCOCK, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, Texas

DAVID H. ALPERS, M.D.

Professor and Chief

Division of Gastroenterology

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

JAMES ANDERSON, M.D.

Professor

Medicine and Clinical Nutrition

Department of Internal Medicine

University of Kentucky

Chief, Endocrine

Metabolic Section

VA Medical Center

Lexington, Kentucky

AFTAB A. ANSARI, Ph.D.

Department of Pathology

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta, Georgia

LYNNE M. AUSMAN, D.Sc.

Scientist

Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

Tufts University

Boston, Massachusetts

Professor, School of Nutrition Science and Policy

Tufts University

Medford, Massachusetts

STEPHEN BARRETT, M.D.

Consumer Advocate

Member, Board of Directors

National Council Against Health Fraud, Inc.

Allentown, Pennsylvania

RICHARD BAUMGARTNER, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Division of Epidemiology

Department of Medicine

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico

GEORGE H. BEATON, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus

Department of Nutritional Sciences

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

ELIOT L. BERSON, M.D.

William F. Chatlos Professor of Ophthalmology

Harvard Medical School

Director, Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Boston, Massachusetts

WAYNE R. BIDLACK, Ph.D.

Dean

College of Agriculture

California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Pomona, California

DIANE F. BIRT, Ph.D.

Professor

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

College of Medicine

University of Nebraska Medical Center

Omaha, Nebraska

Current address:

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa

ABBY S. BLOCH, Ph.D., R.D.

Coordinator of Clinical Nutrition Research

Gastroenterology/Nutrition Service

Department of Medicine

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

New York City, New York

IRWIN G. BRODSKY, M.D., M.P.H.

Assistant Professor of Medicine and Nutrition

Department of Medicine

Endocrinology and Metabolism Section

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

REX O. BROWN, Pharm.D., BCNSP, FACN

Professor

Department of Clinical Pharmacy

University of Tennessee

Nutrition Support Pharmacist

Department of Pharmacy

Regional Medical Center at Memphis

University of Tennessee Medical Center

Memphis, Tennessee

RAYMOND F. BURK, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Director

Division of Gastroenterology

Department of Medicine

Vanderbilt University

Nashville, Tennessee

DANIEL CERVANTES-LAUREAN, M.D.

Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda, Maryland

ISRAEL CHANARIN, M.D., F.R.C.Path.

Formerly, Chief

Division of Hematology

Medical Research Council

Northwick Park Hospital Centre

Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom

FRANCISCO CHEW, M.D.

Head

Maternal and Child Health Unit

Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama (INCAP)

Guatemala City, Guatemala

ROBERT CHIN, Jr., M.D.

Associate Professor of Medicine

Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Winston-Salem, North Carolina

GRAEME A. CLUGSTON, M.B., D.C.H., Ph.D.

Chief

Nutrition Section

World Health Organization

Geneva, Switzerland

STEVEN COHN, M.D.

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Division of Gastroenterology

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

J. JOSEPH CONNON, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Lond), F.R.C.P.C.

Professor of Medicine

Department of Medicine

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

ARTHUR COOPER, M.D., M.S.

Associate Professor

Chief

Pediatric Surgical Critical Care

College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University

Harlem Hospital Center

New York City, New York

ROBERT J. COUSINS, Ph.D.

Boston Family Professor of Nutrition

Food Science and Human Nutrition Department and Center for Nutritional Sciences

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

EARL B. DAWSON, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, Texas

BESS DAWSON-HUGHES, M.D.

Chief

Calcium and Bone Metabolism Laboratory

Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

Associate Professor of Medicine

Tufts University

Boston, Massachusetts

DOMINICK P. DEPAOLA, D.D.S., Ph.D.

President and Dean

College of Dentistry

Texas A&M University

Dallas, Texas

Current address:

President and Chief Executive Officer, Forsyth Dental Center

Boston, Massachusetts

WILLIAM H. DIETZ, M.D., Ph.D.

Director of Clinical Nutrition

New England Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts

Current address:

Director, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Atlanta, Georgia

EUGENE P. DIMAGNO, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Department of Internal Medicine

Director, Department of Gastroenterology Research Unit

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

JOHANNA DWYER, D.Sc., R.D.

Professor of Medicine and Community Health

Tufts University Schools of Medicine and Nutrition

Senior Scientist

Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University

Director, Frances Stern Nutrition Center

New England Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts

LOUIS JACOB ELSAS II, M.D.

Professor and Director

Division of Medical Genetics

Pediatrics/Medicine/Biochemistry

School of Medicine

Emory University

Atlanta, Georgia

JOHN W. ERDMAN, Jr., M.D.

Professor

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition

Director of Nutritional Sciences

University of Illinois

Urbana, Illinois

DAVID ERLIJ, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor of Physiology

State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn

Brooklyn, New York

MARY P. FAINE, M.S., R.D.

Associate Professor and Director of Nutrition Education

Department of Prosthodontics

School of Dentistry

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington

VIRGIL F. FAIRBANKS, M.D.

Consultant

Mayo Clinic

Professor of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine

Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation

Rochester, Minnesota

ANNA M. FAN, Ph.D.

Chief

Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

California Environmental Protection Agency

Berkeley, California

LAWRENCE FEINMAN, M.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Medicine

Mount Sinai School of Medicine (CUNY)

New York City, New York

Chief, Section of Gastroenterology

Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Bronx, New York

C. RICHARD FLEMING, M.D.†

David Murdoch Professor of Nutrition Science

Mayo Medical School

Chair, Division of Gastroenterology

Mayo Clinic

Jacksonville, Florida

JEFFREY S. FLIER, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts

ALLAN L. FORBES, M.D.

Medical Consultant (Foods and Nutrition)

Formerly, Director

Office of Nutrition and Food Sciences

Food and Drug Administration

Old Farm

Rockville, Maryland

GILBERT B. FORBES, M.D.

Professor of Pediatrics and Biophysics

Emeritus

School of Medicine and Dentistry

University of Rochester

Rochester, New York

ELLEN B. FUNG, Ph.D.

Postdoctoral Fellow

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

ROBERT A. GABBAY, M.D., Ph.D.

Instructor

Harvard Medical School

Endocrine Division

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts

CLAUDIO GALPERIN, M.D.

Postdoctoral Scholar

Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

Current address:

Rua Albuquerque Lins

Säo Paulo, Brazil

J. BRUCE GERMAN, Ph.D.

The John Kinsella Endowed Chair of Food Science

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

M. ERIC GERSHWIN, M.D.

The Jack and Donald Chia Professor of Medicine

Chief

Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

ELIZABETH J. GONG, M.Ph., M.S, R.D.

Nutrition Research Associate

Department of Nutrition

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

ANNE M. GRIFFITHS, M.D., F.R.C.P.C.

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

Faculty of Medicine

University of Toronto

Director, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Program

Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition

The Hospital for Sick Children

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

SCOTT M. GRUNDY, M.D., Ph.D.

Chairman

Department of Clinical Nutrition

Professor of Internal Medicine

Director, Center for Human Nutrition

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas

Dallas, Texas

CHARLES H. HALSTED, M.D.

Professor

Department of Internal Medicine and Nutrition

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

EDWARD F. HAPONIK, M.D.

Professor of Internal Medicine

Chief

Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Winston-Salem, North Carolina

ALFRED E. HARPER, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus

Department of Nutritional Sciences

Biochemistry

University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin

ROGER C. HARRIS, Ph.D.

Senior Research Fellow

Royal Veterinary College

University of London

London, England

JOHN N. HATHCOCK, Ph.D.

Director

Nutritional and Regulatory Science

Council for Responsible Nutrition

Washington, DC

FELIX P. HEALD, M.D.

Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics

University of Maryland School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

ROBERT P. HEANEY, M.D.

John A. Creighton University Professor

Creighton University

Omaha, Nebraska

WILLIAM C. HEIRD, M.D.

Professor

Children’s Nutrition Research Center

Department of Pediatrics

Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, Texas

VICTOR D. HERBERT, M.D., J.D.

Professor of Medicine

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Chief of Hematology and The Nutrition Laboratory

Bronx Veteran Affairs Medical Center

New York City, New York

BASIL S. HETZEL, M.D.

Chairman

International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders

Woman’s and Children’s Hospital

North Adelaide, Australia

STEVEN B. HEYMSFIELD, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

College of Physicians and Surgeons

Columbia University

Deputy Director, Obesity Research Center

Saint Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital

New York City, New York

L. JOHN HOFFER, M.D., C.M., Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Medicine and Dietetics and Human Nutrition

McGill University

Senior Physician, Division of Endocrinology

Department of General Internal Medicine

Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

MICHAEL F. HOLICK, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor of Medicine, Dermatology, and Physiology

Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism in the Department of Medicine

Boston University School of Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts

EDWARD S. HORTON, M.D.

Professor

Department of Medicine

Harvard Medical School

Medical Director, Joslin Diabetes Center

Boston, Massachusetts

CHARLES HUGHES, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Medical College of Wisconsin

Department of Cardiology

Department of Veteran Affairs

Clement J. Zablocki Medical Center

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

ERIC HULTMAN, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology

Karolinska Institute, Division of Clinical Chemistry

Huddinge Hospital

Huddinge, Sweden

DIANE M. HUSE, R.D., M.S.

Assistant Professor of Nutrition

Mayo Medical School

Clinical Dietitian, Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

ROBERT A. JACOB, Ph.D.

Research Chemist

USDA Western Research Center

Western Human Nutrition Research Center

Presidio of San Francisco, California

DOUGLAS R. JEFFERY, M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Neurology

Department of Neurology

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Winston-Salem, North Carolina

ALEXANDRA L. JENKINS

Research Associate

Department of Nutrition Sciences

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

DAVID J. A. JENKINS, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Nutrition Sciences

University of Toronto

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

MARGARET M. JOHNSON, M.D.

Senior Associate Consultant

Mayo Clinic at Jacksonville

Jacksonville, Florida

PATRICIA K. JOHNSTON, M.S., R.D., Dr.P.H.

Professor

Department of Nutrition

School of Public Health, Loma Linda University

Associate Dean

Loma Linda University

Loma Linda, California

PETER J. H. JONES, Ph.D.

Associate Professor of Human Nutrition

Director

School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition

McGill University

Montreal, Quebec

ROBERT KARP, M.D.

Medical Director

Pediatric Resource Center of Kings County Hospital Center

Professor of Pediatrics

State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn

Brooklyn, New York

CARL L. KEEN, Ph.D.

Professor and Chair

Department of Nutrition

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

DARLENE G. KELLY, M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Mayo Medical School

Consultant in Gastroenterology

Department of Internal Medicine

Mayo Foundation

Rochester, Minnesota

GERALD T. KEUSCH, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Tufts University School of Medicine

New England Medical Center

Boston, Massachusetts

JANET C. KING, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Nutritional Sciences

University of California at Berkeley

Berkeley, California

Director, Western Human Nutrition Research Center

USDA, ARS

San Francisco, California

SAMUEL KLEIN, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Director

Center for Human Nutrition

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

JAMES P. KNOCHEL, M.D.

Chairman

Department of Internal Medicine

Presbyterian Hospital

Clinical Professor, Department of Internal Medicine

University of Texas Southwestern Medical School

Dallas, Texas

JOEL D. KOPPLE, M.D.

Professor of Medicine and Public Health

Schools of Medicine and Public Health

University of California at Los Angeles

Los Angeles, California

Chief, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension

Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Torrance, California

PATRICIA KOSTKA, M.S., R.D.

Clinical Specialist Dietitian

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Center

Department of Veteran Affairs

Clement J. Zablocki Medical Center

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

JANE M. KOTCHEN, M.D., M.P.H.

Professor

Department of Epidemiology/Medicine

Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

THEODORE A. KOTCHEN, M.D.

Professor and Chairman

Department of Medicine

Medical College of Wisconsin

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

ELIZABETH A. KRALL, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

School of Nutrition

Scientist II

Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

Tufts University

Boston, Massachusetts

STANLEY KUBOW, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition

McGill University

Montreal, Quebec

MARIE FANELLI KUCZMARSKI, Ph.D., R.D., L.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics

University of Delaware

Newark, Delaware

ROBERT J. KUCZMARSKI, Dr.P.H., R.D., L.D.

Nutrition Analyst

National Center for Health Statistics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

United States Public Health Service

Hyattsvile, Maryland

HELEN W. LANE, R.D., Ph.D.

Chief

Biomedical Operations Research Branch

NASA Chief Nutritionist

Johnson Space Center, NASA

Houston, Texas

JAMES E. LEKLEM, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Nutrition and Food Management

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon

ORVILLE A. LEVANDER, Ph.D.

Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory

Human Nutrition Research Center

Agricultural Research Services

United States Department of Agriculture

Beltsville, Maryland

ROY J. LEVIN

Reader in Physiology

Department of Biomedical Science

University of Sheffield

Sheffield, England

CHARLES S. LIEBER, M.D.

Professor of Medicine and Pathology

Mount Sinai School of Medicine (CUNY)

New York City, New York

Chief, Section of Liver Disease and Nutrition

Director, Alcohol Research and Treatment Center and GI-Liver-Nutrition Training Program

Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Bronx, New York

STEPHEN F. LOWRY, M.D., F.A.C.S.

Professor of Surgery

Cornell University Medical College

New York City, New York

Current address:

Professor and Chairman, Department of Surgery

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

New Brunswick, New Jersey

ALEXANDER R. LUCAS, M.D.

Professor of Psychiatry

Mayo Medical School

Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

RICHARD D. MATTES, R.D., M.P.H., Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Foods and Nutrition

Purdue University

Lafayette, Indiana

Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism

Indiana University School of Medicine

Indianapolis, Indiana

DWIGHT E. MATTHEWS, Ph.D.

Professor of Medicine and Chemistry

University of Vermont

Burlington, Vermont

DONALD B. MCCORMICK, Ph.D.

Fuller E. Callaway Professor

Department of Biochemistry

Emory University

Atlanta, Georgia

N. GERALD MCELVANEY, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Clinical Investigation Unit

Beaumont Hospital

Dublin, Ireland

WILLIAM J. MCGANITY, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Canada)

Ashbel Smith Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, Texas

DONALD S. McLAREN, M.D., Ph.D., D.T.M. and H., F.R.C.P.E.

Honorary Head

Nutritional Blindness Prevention Programme

Department of Preventive Ophthalmology

Institute of Ophthalmology

London, United Kingdom

STEPHEN H. McNAMARA, Esq.

Senior Partner

Hyman, Phelps, and McNamara, P.C.

Washington, DC

DONALD M. MOCK, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor and Director

Division of Digestive, Endocrine, Genetic, and Nutritional Disorders

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Director, Department of Clinical Nutrition

Arkansas Children’s Hospital

Little Rock, Arkansas

JOEL MOSS, M.D., Ph.D.

Chief

Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda, Maryland

JEANETTE M. NEWTON, M.D.

Fellow in Clinical Nutrition

University of California at Davis

Davis, California

FORREST H. NIELSEN, Ph.D.

Director and Research Nutritionist

Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center

United States Department of Agriculture

Grand Forks, North Dakota

MAN S. OH, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn

State University of New York

Brooklyn, New York

JAMES A. OLSON, Ph.D.

Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa

ROBERT E. OLSON, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus of Medicine

State University of New York at Stony Brook

Professor of Pediatrics

University of South Florida

Tampa, Florida

CAROLE A. PALMER, Ed.D., R.D.

Professor and Co-head

Division of Nutrition and Preventive Dentistry

Department of General Dentistry

School of Dental Medicine

Professor, School of Nutrition

Tufts University

Boston, Massachusetts

SHEAU-FANG PAN, M.A.

Obesity Research Center

St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center

New York City, New York

F. XAVIER PI-SUNYER, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

College of Physicians and Surgeons

Columbia University

Director, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition

Director of Obesity Research Center

St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center

New York City, New York

NORA PLESOFSKY-VIG, Ph.D.

Research Scientist

Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Plant Biology

University of Minnesota

St. Paul, Minnesota

ERIC T. POEHLMAN, Ph.D.

Professor of Medicine

Division of Pharmacology and Metabolic Research

University of Vermont

Burlington, Vermont

SARA A. QUANDT, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Public Health Sciences

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology

Wake Forest University

Winston-Salem, North Carolina

JEANNE I. RADER, Ph.D.

Director

Division of Science and Applied Technology

Department of Food Labeling

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

United States Food and Drug Administration

Washington, DC

MASSIMO RAIMONDO, M.D.

Resident

Division of Gastroenterology

Department of Internal Medicine

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

CHARLES J. REBOUCHE, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Pediatrics

University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

A. CATHARINE ROSS, Ph.D.

Professor and Head

Department of Veterinary Science

Professor, Nutrition Department

College of Health and Human Development

The Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

ROBERT M. RUSSELL, M.D.

Chief Scientist

Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

Tufts University

Boston, Massachusetts

Professor, School of Nutrition Science and Policy

Tufts University

Medford, Massachusetts

HUGH A. SAMPSON, M.D.

Professor of Pediatrics

Director

Pediatric Clinical Research Center

Department of Pediatrics

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

Current address:

Professor of Pediatrics

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

New York City, New York

PAUL D. SAVAGE, M.D.

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Winston-Salem, North Carolina

JAMES S. SCOLAPIO, M.D.

Fellow

Division of Gastroenterology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

JOHN M. SCOTT, D.Sc.

Professor of Experimental Nutrition

Department of Biochemistry

Trinity College

Dublin, Ireland

CLAY F. SEMENKOVICH, M.D.

Associate Professor

Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

MOSHE SHIKE, M.D.

Director of Clinical Nutrition

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Professor of Medicine

Cornell University Medical College

New York City, New York

MAURICE E. SHILS, M.D., Sc.D.

Professor Emeritus of Medicine

Cornell University Medical College

Consultant Emeritus (Nutrition)

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

New York City, New York

Adjunct Professor (Nutrition), Retired

Department of Public Health Sciences

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Winston-Salem, North Carolina

JAMES D. SHULL, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

College of Medicine

University of Nebraska Medical Center

Omaha, Nebraska

GERARD P. SMITH, M.D.

Professor of Psychiatry (Behavioral Neuroscience)