Modern digital and analog communication systems

MODERN DIGITA

AND ANALOG

COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

THE OXFORD SERIES IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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7.ak. Systems and Contrtii

MODERN DIGITA

AND ANALOG

COẢAMUNICATIOK

SYSTEMS

Fourth Edition

Ỉ. P. Lathi

Professor Emeritus

California State University- Sacramenfo

Zhi Ding

Professor

University o f California Davis

New York O xford

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

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Library of Congress Cafaloging-in*Publication Data

Lathi, B. P. (Bhagwandas Pannalal)

Modern digital and analog communication systems / B. p. Lathi, Zhi Ding —4th ed.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-19-533145-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. Telecommunication systems. 2. Digital communications.

3. Statistical communication theory. I. Ding, Zhi, 19Ó2- II. Title.

TK510Ì .L333 2008

Ó 21.382-dc22 2008029440

Printing number 9 8 7 6 5 4!;

Printed in the United States of Americo

on acid-free paper

BR ABLE OF CON NTS

1 Introduction 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Signals and Signal space 20

Analysis and Transmission of Signals 91

Amplitude Modulations a nd Demodulations 178

Angle Modulation and Demodulation 252

Sampling and Analog-to-Digital Conversion 302

Principles of Digital Data Transmission 377

’ undamentals of Probability Theory 447

Random Processes and spectral Analysis 511

Performance Analysis of Modulated

Communication Systems Under Noise 564

Performance Analysis of Digita

Communication Systems 005

Spread spectrum Communications 714

Digital Communications Under Linearly

Distortive channels 767

ntroduction to Information Theory 836

Error Correcting Codes 907

A Orthogonality of Some Signal Sets 978

B Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality 980

c Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization of a

Vector Set 982

D Basic Matrix Properties and Operations 985

E Miscellaneous 990

Index 995

CON NTS

PREFACE XV

INTRODUCTION

1.

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

.0

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1

ANALOG AND DIGITAL MESSAGES 4

CHANNEL EFFECT, SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, AND CAPACITY 9

MODULMION AND DETECTION 1 1

DIGITAL SOURCE CODING AND ERROR

CORRECTION CODING 13

A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF MODERN

TELECOMMUNICATIONS 15

SIGNALS AND SIGNAL SPACE 20

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.Ó

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

SIZE OF A SIGNAL 20

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS 25

SOME USEFUL SIGNAL OPERATIONS 28

UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL 32

SIGNALS VERSUS VECTORS 34

CORRELATION OF SIGNALS 41

ORTHOGONAL SIGNAL SETS 47

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES 5

THE EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES Ó1

MATLAB EXERCISES Ó9

VII

viii CONTENTS

ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION

OF SIGNALS 91

.1

.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.Ó

3.7

3.8

3.9

APERIODIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION BY FOURIER INTEGRAL 91

TRANSFORMS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS 99

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 10Ó

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH A LINEAR SYSTEM 123

IDEAL VERSUS PRACTICAL FILTERS 129

SIGNAL DISTORTION OVER A COMMUNICATION

CHANNEL 133

SIGNAL ENERGY AND ENERGY SPECTRAL DENSITY 139

SIGNAL POWER AND POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 148

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM:

THE DFT 155

3.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 1Ó0

AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS

AND DEMODULATIONS 178

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

BASEBAND VERSUS CARRIER COMMUNICATIONS 178

DOUBLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODUƯvTION 180

AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) 190

BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS 197

AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS; VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND (VSBj 20Ó

LOCAL CARRIER SYNCHRONIZATION 210

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) 21

PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND APPLICATIONS 21 2

NTSC TELEVISION BROADCASTING SYSTEM 220

MATLAB EXERCISES 230

ANGLE MODULATION

AND DEMODULATION 252

5 NONLINEAR MODULATION 252

5.2 BANDWIDTH OF ANGLE-MODULATED WAVES 259

Contents ix

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.Ó

5.7

5.8

GENERATING FM WAVES 272

DEMODUƯ^TION OF FM SIGNALS 281

EFFECTS OF NONLINEAR DISTORTION AND INTERFERENCE 284

SUPERHETERODYNE ANALOG A M /FM RECEIVERS 289

FM BROADCASTING SYSTEM 291

MATLAB EXERCISES 292

SAMPLING AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL

CONVERSION

Ó.

6.2

Ó.3

Ó.4

6.5

Ó.6

6.7

6.8

Ó.9

02

SAMPLING THEOREM 302

PULSE CODE MODUƯMION (PCM) 319

DIGITAL TELEPHONY: PCM IN T1 CARRIER SYSTEMS 332

DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING 33Ó

DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODUƯ^TION (DPCM) 341

ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL PCM (ADPCM) 345

DELTA MODUư\TION 346

VOCODERS AND VIDEO COMPRESSION

MATƯVB EXERCISES 3Ó1

PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA

RANSMISSION

7.

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.Ó

7.7

7.8

7.9

7.10

377

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 377

NE CODING 380

PULSE SHAPING 394

SCRAMBLING 40Ó

DIGITAL RECEIVERS AND REGENERATIVE REPEATERS 409

EYE DIAGRAMS: AN IMPORTANT TOOL 41 7

PAM: M-ARY BASEBAND SIGNALING FOR HIGHER

DATA RATE 420

DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEMS 42

yV/-ARY DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATION 4

MATƯ\B EXERCISES 437

CONTENTS

FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY

THEORY

3.1

8.2

8.4

8.5

8.6

8.7

447

CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY 447

RANDOM VARIABLES 462

8.3 STATISTICAL AVERAGES (MEANS) 481

CORRELATION 490

LINEAR MEAN SQUARE ESTIMATION 494

SUM OF RANDOM VARIABLES 497

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 500

RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL

ANALYSIS 511

9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.Ó

9.7

9.8

9.9

FROM RANDOM VARIABLE TO RANDOM PROCESS 511

CƯ^SSIPICATION OF RANDOM PROCESSES 5 1 Ó

POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 520

MULTIPLE RANDOM PROCESSES 534

TRANSMISSION OF RANDOM PROCESSES THROUGH LINEAR

SYSTEMS 535

APPLICATION: OPTIMUM FILTERING (WIENER-HOPF FILTER) 539

APPLICATION: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BASEBAND ANALOG

SYSTEMS 542

APPLICATION: OPTIMUM PREEMPHASIS-DEEMPHASIS

SYSTEMS 544

BANDPASS RANDOM PROCESSES 547

'ERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODULATED

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

UNDER NOISE 564

0 ANALYTICAL FIGURE OF MERIT 564

0.2 AMPLITUDE-MODULATED SYSTEMS 565

Contents xi

10.3 ANGLE-MODULATED SYSTEMS 574

10.4 PULSE-MODULMED SYSTEMS 591

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 605

11.1

11.3

1.7

OPTIMUM LINEAR DETECTOR FOR BINARY POLAR

SIGNALING Ó05

11.2 GENERAL BINARY SIGNALING Ó11

COHERENT RECEIVERS FOR DIGITAL CARRIER

MODULATIONS Ó19

1 1.4 SIGNAL SPACE ANALYSIS OF OPTIMUM DETECTION 624

1 1.5 VECTOR DECOMPOSITION OF WHITE NOISE RANDOM

PROCESSES 629

11.6 OPTIMUM RECEIVER FOR WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE

CHANNELS Ó35

GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR ERROR PROBABILITY OF OPTIMUM

RECEIVERS ÓÓO

11.8 EQUIVALENT SIGNAL SETS 668

11.9 NONWHITE (COLORED) CHANNEL NOISE Ó7Ó

11.10 OTHER USEFUL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Ó77

11.11 NONCOHERENT DETECTION Ó80

1.12 MATƯ\B EXERCISES 688

SPREAD SPECTRUM

COMMUNICATIONS 714

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM (FHSS

SYSTEMS 714

MULTIPLE FHSS USER SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE 718

APPLICATIONS OF FHSS 721

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM 724

RESILIENT FEATURES OF DSSS 728

xiỉ CONTENTS

2.6

12.7

12.8

12.9

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE-ACCESS (CDMA) OF DSSS 730

MULTIUSER DETECTION (MUD) 737

MODERN PRACTICAL DSSS CDMA SYSTEMS 74

MATLAB EXERCISES 751

3

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS UNDER

LINEARLY DISTORTIVE CHANNELS 767

13.1 LINEAR DISTORTIONS OF WIRELESS MULTIPATH CHANNELS 767

13.2 RECEIVER CHANNEL EQUALIZATION 771

13.3 LINEAR r-SPACED EQUALIZATION TSE) 777

13.4 L NEAR FRACTIONALLY SPACED EQUALIZERS :FSE) 785 1

13.5 CHANNEL ESTIMATION 789

13.Ó DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZER 790

13.7 OFDM (MULTICARRIER) COMMUNICATIONS 793

13.8 DISCRETE MULTITONE (DMT) MODUư^TIONS 803

13.9 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS of OFDM AND DMT 808

13.10 BLIND EQUALIZATION AND DENTIFICATION 812

13.11 TIME-VARYING CHANNEL D STORTIONS DUE TO MOBILITY 813

13.12 MATLAB EXERCISES 816

NTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION

THEORY

14.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

4.5

83Ó

MEASURE OF INFORMATION 83Ó

SOURCE ENCODING 841

ERROR-FREE COMMUNICATION OVER A NOISY CHANNEL 847

CHANNEL CAPACITY OF A DISCRETE MEMORYLESS

CHANNEL 850

CHANNEL CAPACITY OF A CONTINUOUS MEMORYLESS

CHANNEL 858

14.Ó PRACTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN LIGHT OF SHANNON'S

EQUATION 875

Contents xiii

14.7

14.8

FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE CHANNEL CAPACITY 880

MULTIPLE-INPUT-MULTIPLE-OUTPUT COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS 884

14.9 MATƯVB EXERCISES 893

ERROR CORRECTING CODES 907

15.1 OVERVIEW 907

15.2 REDUNDANCY FOR ERROR CORRECTION 908

15.3 LINEAR BLOCK CODES 911

15.4 CYCLIC CODES 918

15.5 THE EFFECTS OF ERROR CORRECTION 927

15.Ó CONVOLUTIONAL CODES 932

5.7 TRELLIS DIAGRAM OF BLOCK CODES 942

15.8 CODE COMBINING AND INTERLEAVING 944

15.9 SOFT DECODING 94Ó

15.10 SOFT-OUTPUT VITERBI ALGORITHM (SOVAỊ 949

15.11 TURBO CODES 951

15.12 LOW-DENSITY PARITY CHECK (LDPC) CODES 959

15.13 MATLAB EXERCISES 9ÓÓ

A ORTHOGONALITY OF SOME SIGNAL SETS 978

A.

A.2

ORTHOGONALITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC AND

EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL SET 978

ORTHOGONALITY OF THE EXPONENTIAL

SIGNAL SET 979

B CAUCHY-SCHWARZ INEQUALITY 980

c GRAM-SCHMIDT ORTHOGONALIZATION OF A

VECTOR SET 982