Mô hình quản lí dựa vào nhà trường của Hoa Kì và bài học tạo lập sự tham gia trong nhà trường

GIAO DUC NtfdC NGOAI

M O HIN H QUA N U DU A VA O NH A TRUON G CU A HO A K i

V A BA I HO C TA O LA P S U THA M GI A TRON G NH A TRUON G

O TS. NGUY§N XUAN HAI*

Nghien cuu vd dp dyng md hinh qudn li dya

vdo nhd trudng d Hoa Ki (School - Based

Management - SBM) dd duqc bdt ddu thyc

hien tu nhung ndm 1970, trudc thdi diem khodng

gdn mdt thdp ki so vdi mdt sd nude tien phong

khdc trong van de ndy nhu Australia, Canada,

Brazil, Tdy Ban Nha. Md hinh SBM cua Hoa Ki

ban ddu duqc thyc hien d mdt sd bang nhu:

Chicago, Florida, Virginia, New York, vd sau dd

Id cdc bang khdc. Ddng lyc cua hdu het cdc cdi

cdch nhdm tim kiem de tdng hieu qud, tdng cudng

ndng lyc gido vien (GV), sy tham gia cua cdng

ddng vdo nhd trudng vd tdng cudng thdnh tich

cua hoc sinh (HS). Cdc md hinh SBM d Hoa Ki

duqc ddnh gid d muc dd trung binh den tuang

ddi mqnh.

1. Md hinh qudn li dya vdo nhd rrudng

cua Hoa Ki. Y tudng ve SBM dd duqc thdo ludn

tu nhung ndm 60 the ki XX (Cook, 2007). Tuy

nhien, y tudng thyc sy chi duqc bung phdt vdo

nhung ndm 1990, duqc thuc ddy bdi phong trao

vd cdc quy djnh phdp ludt ve cdi cdch nhd trudng

phd thdng (the Comprehensive School Reform -

CSR). CSR dd dua ra 3 diem tap trung ddi vdi

viec cai each: 1) Sy thay ddi nhd trudng can duqc

coi Id sy thay ddi gdc re co bdn chu khdng phdi

Id bd phdn ben le, do dd, thudt ngu «cdi cdch"

can duqc su dyng hon Id thudt ngu «thay ddi";

2) De xung ddng vdi thudt ngu «todn dien", sy

cdi cdch nhd trudng bao gdm cdc phuang dien

len quan den cudc sdng nhd trudng nhu cdc mdi

quan he ve cdc van de hdnh chinh, gido dye vd

ben ngodi; 3) Nhung sy cdi cdch can thyc hien d

cap dd nhd trudng han Id d cdp qudn/huyen

hodc d cap dd Idp hoc.

CSR trd nen phd bien hon so vdi SBM trong

hoc thuyet ve gido dye d Hoa Ki, mdc du hai y

tudng ndy Id lien quan rdt chqt che vdi nhau. Sy

khdc biet chu yeu Id SBM cd the duqc phdn tich

mdt cdch ti mi lien quan den cdc phuang dien cy

the cua dieu hdnh vd qudn li hdnh chinh. Dieu

ndy thi it phu hqp hon so vdi CSR khi md CSR

ngy y mqnh me den sy thay ddi rdng Idn vd sy

thay ddi mang tinh nguyen tdc. Tuy nhien, theo

nghia hep cua SBM khdng mang tinh phd qudt

ve mat thudt ngu cdch md SBM duqc thyc hien

trong thyc tiln, cd SBM vd CSR deu tap trung

vdo phdt trien ke hoqch chien luqc d cap dd nhd

trudng, lien quan den hdng loqt cdc nhdm trong

viec dua ra nhung myc tieu, sy thay ddi trong

thyc tiin gido dye cua GV vd xdy dyng nen mdi

quan he chdt che hon giua nhd trudng, cha me

HS vd lyc luqng cdng ddng xung quanh nhd

trudng. Vi the, CSR vd SBM Id ddng nghTa vdi

nhau, ddc biet Id trong thyc tiin.

Sy phd bien cua khdi niem CSR cudi cung da

dan den viec Qudc hdi Hoa Ki dd thdng qua Luat

cai each nha trudng phd thong vdo ndm 1999.

Ludt ndy dd chi ra 11 thdnh to cua mdt nhd trudng

ty chii d dja phuang (Borman et al., 2003; vd

Cook, 2007) sau: 1) Moi nha trudng phdi tiep

nhgn mpt SBM dd thuc hien thdnh cdng hope cho

rang se thdnh cdng. Dieu ndy ngy y rdng, cd mdt

sd luqng cdc md hinh SBM dd duqc thu nghiem

bdng kinh nghiem thyc tiin dang tdn tqi, vd nhiem

vy cua nhd trudng Id phdi lya chon mdt md hinh

tu cdc md hinh dd thyc hien ndy, tuy nhien, cdc

md hinh ndy Id duqc thyc hien d Hoa Ki, chu

khdng nen Id d hdu het cdc qudc gia khdc;

2) Cdc phuang phdp gidng dgy, hgc tap vd qudn

li dd duqc kiem chung nen duqc su dyng trong

nhd trudng du coi ddy Id bd phdn cua md hinh

* Khoa Quan 1i giao due - Truong OHSP Ha Npi

Tap chi Giao due so 23 2 gg a . a/aoid)