Mấy vấn đề về yếu tố hiện đại ở thơ văn Nguyễn Công Trứ

M A Y VA N D E V E YE U T O HIE N DA I

& THO" VA N NGUYE N CON G T W

O TS. NGUYEN VIET NGOAN*

1. Ve noi dung sdng tac, neu dgc that ki

cdc tuyen ngdn li tudng md Nguyen Cong Tru

tuyen bd, cd dieu gi day nhir la mot each noi

bugt mieng, tien the trudc rang buoc nghTa

vy. Ddu tinh than trach nhiem co ve nhu thudng

true, nhung khong hdn Id muc dich tdi hdu nua.

Cdi bd cdng danh sy nghiep, ddu cd chi phdi

den ddu, thi dng van ludn nhu quay trd ve vdi cdi

cd huu ao udc cua cd nhdn minh. Rdt hien dqi,

dng ludn minh bach the hien mdt khat vong song

thanh that. Khdng chi Id cdng danh, nam nhi, tang

bdng, trdn hodn, qudn thdn... md phong luu cung

Id mot mon ng deo dudi dng. Thdi dd chu ddng

de khdng djnh cdi cd nhdn cua dng hodn todn

khdng phdi Id sdn pham cua tu tudng chd menh

hay an menh nhu duang thdi. Trong mdt khodng

khdng gian tdi hdu, nd the hien nhu cdu ty do.

Cdng khai Id dieu mang ddu dn cd nhdn bao dan

(cd khi Id thach thuc) nhdt d dng. O Nguyen Cdng

Tru, cho du li tri dqo due cd khat khe nhu the ndo,

thi mot khodng trdi ty do, mdt du d|a «thich chi",

bdng each ndy hay each khdc van ludn hien ra.

Tdt nhien, Id mdt bde tdi tri, dng khdng the khdng

biet den nhung rdng budc khat khe chdt hep cOa

xd hdi vd cudc ddi. Y thuc ve sy vd nghTa cOa cudc

ddi de cudc ddi khdi vd nghTa Id mdt bdn khodn,

mdt day dut. Tuy nhien, nhd cdi y thuc cd nhdn

manh liet chi phdi, nen cdi bdn khodn ndy cung

khdng nhdt thiet Id «tri qudn trach ddn" nua, md

trudc het la vi minh, vi sy tdn tqi mdt gid trj ddc

lap cOa minh. Ong cho rang mqi chuyen chdng

cd gi ddng quan trqng cd, viec ddi cung chi nhu

mdt trd chai khdng han khdng kem «Cdm, ki, thi,

tuu" Id chuyen chai dd ddnh, ngay den cdng danh,

sy nghiep cung Id trd chai md thdi. Chinh sy binh

thdn hien dqi ndy ndy dd giup cho Nguyln Cdng

Tru thoat khdi cdi nhin bi phdn kieu Nguyen Du:

«Trang sTbgch dau bi hudng thien" (Ngudi trdng

sT budn bd ngd trdi ddt den bqc cd tdc). Tuy van

chdp nhqn khudn khd cOa trdt ty xd hqi vdn cd,

nhung han ngudi d chd Id dng dd cd each Idm

bien dang vd Idm thay ddi nd, neu dng mudn.

Tap chi Giao due so 235 gg i - tggioi

Khdng hdn Id tuyen bd, nhung cd ve nhu dng dd

di rdt gdn vdi quan niem tdm li hoc hien dqi ve sy

phdn thdn, tuc Id trong mdt con ngudi cd the cd

hai, ba con ngudi khdc nhau.

Nguyen Cdng Tru nhu dd thdng nhdt duqc

cdc ddi cue cua cudc ddi. O dng, adu hanh Igc

hay hanh dgo thi cung deu la hanh dgng. Chinh

dng dd thyc hien rdt dich ddng vai trd cOa minh

bdng cdc hoqt ddng day cd tinh. DO trdi, dO syt,

dO d hodn canh ndo dng cung ludn tim duqc sy

thoai mdi. Day vua Id khd ndng thich ung cao

dd, ddng thai cung Id cdi tre trung vTnh vien cOa

con ngudi cd nhdn Nguyen Cdng Tru. Tinh nhdn

bdn sdu sdc vd anh minh cOa vdn tha Nguyen

Cdng Tru do vdy td ra rdt «ddng rhanh tuang

ung, ddng khi tuang cdu" mdt each la lOng vdi

thdi dqi ngay nay Id vdy.

2. Cd the xem rdng, qua trinh sdng tqo vdn

hoc cua Nguyen Cong Tru nhu la nhu cdu tdt

yeu do mgty thuc ca nhan dgc biet tac dong.

Hdnh trinh nghe thudt cung chinh Id hdnh trinh

bdn ngd. Vi rdng, nhung sy khai phd trong sdng

tdc cung chinh Id do nhu cdu the hien quyen con

ngudi manh liet nai dng. Nguyln Cdng Tru cd

cd mot md mdu thudn cua cdi cd the dang tdn tqi

trong dp lyc cOa xd hdi vd cdng ddng. Bj huu

hqn nhu the, nen dng ludn khao khat sy vd hqn.

Ong Idm vdn chuang cung Id mdt each tqo ra

mdt phuang tien Idnh mqnh vd huu hieu n hat de

hda gidi cdc mdu thudn bdn the. Ddi vdi van

chuang Nguyln Cdng Tru, cd le sy triet tieu cdc

mdu thudn ndy, sy gidi thodt khdi chOng dd mang

Iqi nhung cdm xuc tham mT. Khi xem xet tren

phuang dien Id mdt nhd sdng tdc vdn hoc, cdn

luu y cdi cd biet cua vdn chuang dng. Vi cdi cd

biet ndy Id dqc trung quan trqng, Id nguon gdc

sinh ddng cua tinh each vd hinh tuqng

Do vdy, sdng tdc van chuang d Nguyln Cdng

Tru ddng mdt vai trd quan trqng de bdo tdn vd

phdt trien nguyen li chai md dng tdn thd, nen nd

* Truong Dai hpc Sai Gon