Liên Bang Nga: xây dựng hệ thống giáo dục phổ thông 11 năm phân ban - bậc giáo dục bắt buộc miễn phí

GIAO DUC NirbC NGOAI

lliN BANG NGA: XAY DIING Hi IHlNG GIAD DDC PHO IHDNG 11 NAM PHAN DAN

BAC GIAO DUC BAT BUOC MII N PHI

OTS, NGUYEN NHU AT*

1. Quy djnh nang cdp trinh do gido dye

(GD) bat budc

Ngdy 24/d/2007 , Tdng thd'ng Ngo V. Putin

ki cdng bd Ludt lien bang (LB) ve sua ddi mdt

dieu khodn cuo Luqt GD Nga (1992) quy dinh:

trude mdl, nhi/ng ngudi chuo du 30 ludi (sou ndy,

mgi HS binh ihudng den ludi 18) phdi hodn thdnh

chuang trinh gido dye phd thdng (GDPT) 11 ndm

vd mgi cdng ddn bdt bude phdi Irdi qua 3 cdp

hgc, gdm lieu hge, phd thdng co sd (PTCS), Irung

hoe hodn ehinh (Idp 10 vd 11). Ddy Id mdt thdnh

h/u GD rdt quon trgng cuo nude Nga hdu Xd viel

- vuo ke ihua truyen ihdng nen GD Xd viel (dp

dyng che do GD PTCS cudng buc den Idp 8/GDPT

10 ndm, hodn todn mien phitu GD tien hgc dudng

tuc GD mdm non cho den GD dgi hgc (DH), Cdn

lheo Luqt GD Ngo (1992), GD bdt bude mdi Id

Irinh do PTCS 9 ndm. Nhd nude Lien bong Ngo

(LBN) ifiuc thi duge the che ndy ehung Id dd ed

liem lue kinh le vd ca sd chinh trj - xd hdi vung

chdc. So sdnh h/ang quan vdi the gic/i thi the che

GD cudng bue miin phi d Irinh do phd thdng (PT)

hodn chinh eho den nay chua dugc thuc hien tqi

da so cde nude phdt Irien Au, Ml.

2. Cdi cdch xay dung md hinh GDPT 11

ndm hien noy

He ihdng GDPT lhdi Lien xd (eu) Id 10 ndm,

ludi hge HS linh tu ludi len 7 vdo Idp 1 lieu hge (4

ndm vai trudng su dyng lieng me de Id lieng Ngo,

rieng vdi loqi Irudng dung lieng me de khdng

phdi lieng Nga ihi lieu hge Idi 5 ndm, do vdy,

HS phdi hge PT long cgng 11 ndm), cdp PTCS 4

ndm, ed'p trung hge PT (hodn chinh) 2 ndm, ke't

ihue Idp 10 d ludi 1 d, 17; ehi ed mdl loqi trudng

PT ihdng nhd't ve td chuc vd chuong Irinh gidng

dqy, khdng phdn ban.

Ngoy lu nhi/ng ndm 70-80 the ki Irude, nhieu

nhd su phqm Xd viel dd nhdn thdy md hinh GDPT

Tap chi Giao due so 23 0 (ki2-1/201 o)

eua Lien xd khdng nhu nhieu nude phdt trien khde.

Cy the Id Iqi ede nude dd. Ire em len 6 dd vdo

hge Idp 1 tieu hge, thdi gian hge PT keo ddi hem

(12-13 ndm) vd ket thue mudn hon (1 8,19 tudi).

Quy d|nh nhu vdy phdn dnh thdnh luu cuo khoa

hgc Idm li phdt trien tre em, chung minh Ire len 6

(chu khdng phdi len 7) dd cd khd ndng bdt ddu

hgc lieu hge, tre em ed su phdn hod lu nhien rd

ret ve ndng lue tdm li nhdn thue ed the vd ve thien

hudng ehuyen mdn tu nhd. Do vdy, edn tinh tudi

hge bdt ddu cuo Ire d ludi len d de nhqn vdo Idp

1 lieu hgc vd cdn td chue ede hoqt ddng dqy hge

(DH) ed the hod ngoy d ed'p dudi bde GDPT, Trude

dp luc Idng len ve ngi dung DH PT, gidi phdp

nhdm trdnh qud tdi Id keo ddi thdi gian hge PT

len den 181 9 tudi vd thue hien GD phdn ban

nhdm ed the hod DH tqi ede Idp Idn tudi,

Nhi/ng ndm 70, lien hdnh thi diem vd tu ndm

1985 dd dua vdo ke hoqeh DH ndi khod ed'p

trung hge PT (hodn ehinh) ede gido trinh tu chgn

ndng eao bdt bude (focultolif), vd mdt sd gido

Irinh lu chgn ngoqi khod ve mgt sd mdn hgc. Tiep

dd, md thi diem nhieu loqi trudng, Idp khde vdi

md hinh dqi Ird thd'ng nhd't nhu ede Irudng

ehuyen, cde Idp phdn hod mdn hge sdu nhu Todn,

Hod, Sinh, Ngoqi ngCr. Ode biet, de dn CCGD

todn dien GDPT do Vien Hdn Idm su phqm Lien

xd (eu) du thdo lu 1985-1988 lheo hudng phu

hgp xu the chung cuo GD the gidi, duge gidi su

phqm vd Bd GD Lien xd ung hg, nhung vi nhi/ng

li do bd't khd khdng eua ndi bd Lien xd hdi dd

nen dd khdng trd thdnh hien thuc. Rieng nhd nude

Ngo Xd viel (khi dong ndm Irong Lien xd) lu ndm

1990 dd chu truang do dqng hod id chue Irudng

PT nhu eho md cdc Irudng ngodi cdng ldp, md

tren 100 ede loqi trudng nhu trudng ehuyen hay

Irudng hgc sdu han ve mdt sd mdn ggi Id gymnozy,

' Tnrdng Oai hpc sir pham - Dai hoc Thai Nguyen