Lịch sử các nước châu phi.

LICH sir CAC NirdC CHAU PHI

Nguyen Thi Hdng*

Lich sd hinh thanh cua chau Phi

la mot qua trinh dai, phong phu

va phdc tap. Dudi day xin trinh

bay mot so' net khai quat nha't ve lich sii

hinh thanh chau Phi tii thdi ky cd dai cho

den nay.

1. Sir hinh thanh cac vung cua chau Phi

Theo cac da'u vet khao cd hoc, chau Phi

dUde coi la ndi sinh sdng dau tien cua loai

ngUdi tren trai dat. Loai vUdn rdng ram

Dryopithecine va cac loai vUdn sinh sdng d

chau Phi khoang 25 den 15 trieu nam

trUde dUdc coi la dng td cua con ngUdi.

Nhiing toe ngUdi dau tien xuat hien d chau

Phi khdang 5 trieu nam trUdc. Theo cac di

chi hoa thach cho thay, NgUdi thdng minh

hay NgUdi hien dai (Homd sapiens) xuat

hien mudn nha't khoang td 100.000 den

150.000 nam ve trUdc. Cud'i thdi ky do da

(khoang 10.500 TCN), Xahara la vung

thung lung phi nhieu, mau md, dan eU

sd'ng ddc thed mien duyen hai can Xahara.

Tuy nhien, khi hau vung nay trd nen a'm

vd khd dan di vao khoang 5000 nam TCN.

Do vay, dan d day da di chuyen ve phia

thung lung sdng Nin de dinh cU. Hau nhU

quanh nam con ngUdi vung thung lung

sdng Nin dinh cU trong nhiing khu cd'

dinh, sdng hdng thit mudng thu, rau qua

' Vien Nghien cuu Chau Phi va Trung Dong

va ca sdng. Td tien cua ngUdi San d sa mac

Kalahari va cua cac toe ngUdi sdn ban hai

lUdm d chau Phi hien thdi cd the la nhdng

nhom ngUdi da tuyet chung nhung tdng

phat trien manh tren thao nguyen hang

ngan nam trUdc trong thdi tien sU.

Su hinh thanh va phan chia cac vung

cua chau Phi nhu sau:

a. Bac Phi

Vet tich dau tien dUdc ghi lai ve lich sU

chau Phi Id lich sU Ai Cap cd dai d Ddng

Bde chau Phi, la mot vung thung lung hep

va dai nam doc theo lUu vUc sdng Nin. Bi

bao boc bdi nhiing day nui da thdng ddng

nhu nhdng bde tUdng, bdi Hdng Hai phia

ddng va vung sa mac Libi khd khan, nong

niic d phia tay. Ai Cap hau nhu bi tach

biet khdi the gidi ben ngoai. Khoang nam

3.300 TCN, nha nUdc Ai Cap cd dai da ra

ddi va phat trien, nd da ton tai vdi cac mdc

do anh hudng khac nhau cho den khoang

nam 343 TCN.

Biet lap vdi hoang mac Xahara, Bde Phi

va ha Xahara chau Phi dUdc lien ket vdi

nhau bdi cac cuoc trao ddi thUdng mai

xuyen Xahara vdi ngUdi Phenexi, ngUdi

Hy Lap va La Ma cd dai. Cac nUdc cd bien

gidi tai Dia Trung Hai la thuoc dia va Id

khu viic dinh cU cua ngUdi Phenexi trUdc

nam 1000 TCN. Carthage dUde phat hien

14 Tap chi nghien ciru ClIAl Pill & Till \G Bd>G sd 04 (44) thang 4/2009