Lập ý cho bài văn nghị luận của học sinh ở trường phổ thông

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308-2011 DatlvaHoC

Lap y cho bai van nghj luan

cua hoc sinh of trifofng phd thong

ThS. NGUYEN THI THU THUt

1 . IVIor dau

Lap y la khau quan trpng trong quy trinh lam van nghi

luan. Cae tai lieu nghien cdu ve van nghj luan da tap

trung phan tfeh va luan giai nhdm phan tfeh de, tim y va

lap dan y ciia khau nay. Mae dd cac tai lieu da ly giai va

djnh hudng each lap y nhdng khi giao vien giup hpe sinh

(HS) van dung If thuyet vao thUe hanh ren luyen kT nang

vin gap nhieu khd khan. Bd qua khau lap y, HS chi vilt

theo nhOng gdi ^ ciia giao vien hoac sao ehep trong tai

lieu ma khdng hieu rd van de neu trong de bai. Khau

diin dat, hanh van, trien khai cac y vl the thudng rdi vao

be tic, dan din chat Iddng bai van kem. Nlu HS dUde

ren luyen td't khau lap y, thuan thue eae each thdc lap y,

td minh xay dUng dUdc mdt dan y, thi viee van se chii

dpng hdn va kit qua bai van se td't hdn.

Tren cd sd nhOng tai lieu ve tao lap van ban va phUdng

phap viet van nghj luan, bai viet nay se tilp tue tim hieu

cae thao tae trong quy trinh lap nham giiip cho HS cd

them nhdng gdi y trong viec ren luyen kT nang lam van

nghj luan d trddng phd thdng.

2. Cac khai nigm tien de

2.1. Khai niem van nghj luan

Nghj luan dddc li giai la hoat ddng diing Idi le diing

din de thuyet phgc ngddi khac tin tddng, ddng tlnh theo

quan diem, y kiln eiia minh ve mpt van de nao dd. Van

nghj luan la hinh thdc nghj luan 6 cap dp van ban vdi

nhdng van de cd y nghTa thdc nhan sau sac va ed tinh

hoan ehinh hdn. La the van sd dgng phddng thde nghj

luan, van nghj luan ehuyen tai td tddng, tlnh cam, thai dp

eiia ngddi vilt ve cac van de thudc ITnh vdc van hpc, dao

If... va ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Ve hinh thde, van nghj luan dddc

eau tao la mdt van ban vdi bd cgc mach lac theo ba

phan: md bai, than bai, kit bai. Phan than bai dddc then

khai thdnh cac doan van bang lap luan chat che. Id gich,

giau sdc thuylt phgc va bang ngdn td trong sang. Moi

doan van cd nhiem vu lam rd mdt y Idn hddng vao viec

luan giai thuyet phgc van de nghj luan.

Bai van nghj luan thudng de cap tdi nhufng van de ed

y nghT thiet thdc dd'i vdi nhan thde va tlnh cam eiia con

ngddi. Ngddi vilt ddng tren lap trUdng quan diem cua

minh dUa ra y kiln phan tich, ban luan, danh gia... vin de

vdi chdng cd xac thdc va lap luan phu hdp. Ralph Waldo

Emerson de cao viee ngddi vilt neu ro quan diem trong

van ban nghj luan. Ong ndi: ddng thuat lai quan diem cua

ngUdi khac... Hay ndi vdi tdi nhdng gi ban biet [8]. Quan

diem trong bai van can dddc the hien mdt each tU nhien,

Chan thUe. Mdt bai van nghi luan hay la bai van ed dddc

sd kit hdp giu'a sde thuylt phuc eiia lap luan vdi sd sinh

ddng eua hinh anh va tinh cam chan thUe cua ngddi vilt.

Bai luyen vilt van nghj luan ciia HS d trUdng phd thdng

cd nhdng diem khac vdi van ban nghi luan do eae hpc gia

bien soan. Bai van nghj luan eiia HS dddc tao lap theo

yeu cau ciia mdt de bai. Muc dich viet la d l ren luyen kT

nang viet va kT nang van dgng kiln thde van hpe va kiln

thdc ve cudc sdng xa hdi vao bai van nghj luan. do dd,

yeu eau bai viet can dat b trinh dp phd thdng. NhOng yeu

eau cd ban dd'i vdi bai vilt van nghj luan eiia HS phd

thdng la:

- Bai viet phai ed quan diem rd rang, ndi dung phong

phu, cd ging ed y sang tao, the hien tlnh cam chan thUc,

trong sang.

Bai viet phai mach lac, giai quyet dung trpng tam

eiia van de.

Bai vilt the hien tU duy Id gich, lien tUdng phong

phu, tddng tUdng sang tao ciia ngddi vilt.

Bai viet van dung linh hoat cae phUdng thde bieu

dat: nghj luan, tU sd, mieu ta,...

- Ngdn ngO trong sang, chinh xac.

Bai luyen viet van nghj luan ciia HS la phddng tien de

ren luyen ve td tudng, ren luyen kT nang tU duy, ngdn

ngO, nang cao nang ldc nhan thdc cho HS, gdp phin

hien thdc hoa muc tieu giao due phd thdng. Mudn viet

mdt bai van nghj luan dat yeu eau, HS can ren luyen td't

cac nhdm kTnang tao lap van ban, dac biet la kTnang lap

y￾2.2. Khai niem y

Theo quan niem cda chung tdi, y la ki t qua qua trinh