Land treatment systems for municipal and industrial waster

PROFESSIONAL

ENGINEERING

Your guide to economical, sustainable,

natural treatment technologies

Covers small-scale & on-site systems, plus land

pplication of biosolids

# Contains up-to-date US EPA regulations &

guidelines

Lan d Treatmen t

System s fo r

Municipa l

a n d Industria l

Waste s

Ronald W. Crites / Sherwood C. Reed

Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐHTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn Robert K. Bastian

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Land Treatment

Systems for

Municipal and

Industrial Wastes

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Lan d Treatmen t

System s fo r Municipa l

a n d Industria l Waste s

Ronald W. Crites

Brown and Caldwell

Sacramento, California

Sherwood C. Reed

Environmental Engineering Consultants

Norwich, Vermont

Robert K. Bastian

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, D.C.

DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN

RUNG 7AM HOC LIEU

kland Bogota

ico City Milan

Singapore

Tokyo Toronto

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Crites, Ronald W.

Land treatment systems for municipal and industrial wastes / Ronald W. Crites.

Sherwood C. Reed, Robert K Bastian.

Includes index.

ISBN 0-07-061040-1

1, Land treatment of wastewater. 2. Sewage disposal in the ground. 3. Factory and

trade waste—Management. 4. EmironmentaI hydraulics. L Reed, Sherwood C. II.

Bastian, Robert K. III. Title.

TD760.C75 2000

628.3'6—dc21

99-058098

CLP

McGraw-Hill

ADivision of The McGraw-Hill Companies

Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights

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the publisher.

1234567890 AGM/AGM 90543210

ISBN 0-07-061040-1

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Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Chapter 1. Introduction to Land Application as a Treatment Process 1

Land Application in North America 2

Purpose and Organization of This Book 4

References

5

Chapter 2. Basic Technology and Design Approach 7

Concepts

7

Slow Rate Process

9

Rapid Infiltration Process 11

Overland Flow Process 14

Limiting Design Parameter Concept 14

References 16

Chapter 3. Wastewater Parameters and System Interactions 17

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 18

Total Suspended Solids

2 0

Pathogenic Organisms

2 3

Oil and Grease 31

Metals 34

Nitrogen

3 7

Phosphoru Potassiu Inorgani Organi Phyt Reference oc remedial mc Priorit Element ss an 4 dy, ioOthe Polutant ns 6 anr Micronutrient d Salt s 5 s 5 s 44 6 0 9 0 6 2

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vi Contents

Chapter 4. Hydraulics of Soil Systems

Soil Properties

Water Movement in Soil

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Percolation Capacity

Groundwater Mounding

Underdrain Spacing

References

Chapter 5. Vegetation as a Treatment Component 89

Vegetation in Land Treatment 89

Evapotranspiration 89

Agronomic Crop Selection 97

Forest Crop Selection 104

Crop Management and Water Quality 108

References 113

Chapter 6. Site Identification and Selection 115

Preliminary Land Requirements 115

Site Identification 120

Climatic Factors 128

Water Rights and Potential Conflicts 129

Site Selection 130

References 136

Chapter 7. Field Investigation Procedures

Soil Properties

Groundwater Conditions

Subsurface Permeability

Infiltration Rate

Agronomic Factors

References

Chapter 8. Preapplication Treatment and Storage

EPA Guidance

Types of Preapplication Treatment

Constituent Removals in Ponds

Constituent Removals in Constructed Wetlands

Operatio Desig Physica Reference nl on Desig fs o Storag f Storag n ne Pond de PondConstructio s s n

65

65

68

72

76

76

79

85

87

137

139

148

152

158

169

171

173

173

174

175

184

185

193

194 5

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uoniems VH

Chapter 9. Transmission and Distribution Systems

19 7

Pumping Stations

19 7

Distribution Systems

20 2

Surface Distribution

20 6

Sprinkler Distribution

21 8

References

Chapte 23 8

r 10. Process Design—Slow Rate Systems

23 7

System Types

23 7

Maximum Hydraulic Loading Rate

23 8

Hydraulic Loading Rate Based on the LDP

24 3

Monthly Water Balance and Hydraulic Loading Rate for Final Design

24 3

Land Area Determination

2^

1

Application Scheduling

25 4

Toxic and Hazardous Wastes

25 8

References

25 9

Chapter 11. Process Design—Overland Flow Systems

26 1

System Concept and Components

26 1

Design Procedures

26 5

Land Area Requirements

27 1

Design Considerations

27 3

References

Chapter 27 8 12. Process Design—Rapid Infiltration Systems

28 1

Treatment Requirements

28 3

Hydraulic Loading Rate

28 5

Land Requirements

28 8

Hydraulic Loading Cycle

28 9

Cold Weather Operation

29 1

Drainage

29 3

References

29 6

Chapter 13. Industrial Wastewater Land Application

29 9

Background

29 9

Types of Industrial Wastewaters Land Applied

29 9

Water Quality and Pretreatment Requirements

30 1

Slow Rate Land Treatment

30 6

Overland Flow Land Treatment

31 2

Rapid Infiltration Land Treatment

31 3

References

31 8

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viii Contents

Chapter 14. Cost and Energy Considerations 321

Costs 321

Benefits 332

Energy Requirements 334

Energy Conservation 335

References 336

Chapter 15. Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring 337

Slow Rate Systems 337

Overland Flow 352

Rapid Infiltration 353

Biosolids Systems 358

References

Chapter 16. Small-Scale Systems and Innovative Concepts 359

On-Site Septic Tank Systems 360

Smal-Scale Land Treatment 369

Innovative Concepts 378

Chapter 17. Land Application of Biosolids 385

Overview of Land Application Practices in the United States 385

Key Issues and Concerns 386

Regulatory Requirements Applicable to Land Application Practices 387

Key Design Considerations 392

Biosolids Sources and Characteristics 399

Site and Process Evaluation 400

Agricultural Utilization 400

Forest Utilization 408

Site Reclamation 411

Soil Treatment Systems 417

Appendix. Conversion Factors 421

Index 425

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Prefac e

The purpose of this book is to provide practicing engineers, plan￾ners, regulators and operators with the current state of knowledge

in the planning, design, construction, and operation of soil-based

wastewater treatment systems. Examples are provided to allow

engineers and planners to conduct conceptual plans and designs

of land treatment systems for municipal wastewater, industrial

wastewater, and municipal biosolids.

The focus of the book is on the elements of a land treatment

system, namely the soil, plants, microbial life in and on the

plant-soil matrix, and hydraulics of land application and flow

through the soil. Land treatment systems provide wastewater

treatment using a combination of physical, chemical, and biolog￾ical mechanisms. Utilization of these systems can reduce costs,

minimize energy requirements, minimize the need for chemicals,

and produce a stable, simple, and sustainable improvement in

water quality. Land treatment systems can provide a buffer,

greenbelt effect around communities and industries, reusing the

water and nutrients in wastewater for agricultural and recre￾ational benefits.

The book is organized into 17 chapters starting with the

concepts manc , planning tools, and treatment mechanisms and perfor￾anhydraulic described vegetatio videFods biologica re th inne.s Chapter Itoolar plannin onfel Chapte wate component examined s ansg 1rd o movemen r factor ,f 52 lan,. thansd oesd treatmen f involve selectio lan3t an and treatment ddd retentio n the isystems ann sit d movin characteristic e.n identificatio I i,n Chapte ng Chapte soi intol arthrrs 6en 4 oe physica anf pro th d e - l

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x Preface

selection. The necessary field investigation procedures are

detailed in Chapter 7 to allow the verification that acceptable

sites are selected. Chapters 8 and 9 provide information on

wastewater pretreatment and the civil engineering aspects of

storage, transmission, and distribution systems. Chapters 10, 11,

and 12 take the reader through the slow rate, overland flow, and

rapid infiltration (soil-aquifer treatment) processes including

design criteria, land requirements, drainage, and design exam￾ples. Chapter 13 focuses on the industrial wastewater applica￾tions of the three process technologies and provides case histories

for each type of land treatment system. Cost and energy require￾ments are presented in Chapter 14 with cost curves and tables for

planning level estimates provided.

Operation, maintenance, and monitoring of land treatment

systems are discussed in Chapter 15. Small-scale land treat￾ment considerations, onsite treatment systems, and innovative

processes such as combinations of processes and the use of con￾structed wetlands before or after land treatment are presented

in Chapter 16. Chapter 17 presents biosolids land application

principles, regulations, design criteria, and examples of site

reclamation using land application of biosolids. The book con￾tains 40 worked examples and both metric (SI) and U.S.

Customary units.

Ron Crites

Sherwood Reed

Robert Bastian

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Acknowledgment s

We would like to dedicate this book to the memory of P. H.

McGauhey and B. L. Seabrook, and to R. E. Thomas and T. D.

Hinesly; all of whom were trying to tell us about land treatment

before many were ready to listen.

This textbook could not have been written without the pio￾neering efforts of a large number of researchers, engineers, edu￾cators, and visionaries. Principal among them were H. Bouwer,

F.E. Broadbent, W.E. Larson, R.C. Loehr, and W.E. Sopper.

We are especially grateful to our wives—Pam, Susanna, and

Carroll—for their patience, understanding, and encouragement.

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Chapter

1

Introduction to Land

Application

as a Treatment Process

Land treatment is defined as the application of partially treat￾ed wastewater or biosolids to the land at a controlled rate in a

designed and engineered setting. The purpose of the activity is

to obtain beneficial use of these materials, to improve environ￾mental quality, and to achieve treatment and disposal goals in a

cost-effective manner. In many cases the production and sale of

crops can partially offset at least part of the cost of treatment.

In arid climates the practice allows the use of wastewaters for

irrigation and preserves higher-quality water sources for other

purposes.

Disposal of wastes to the land has been an accepted and rec￾ognized cultural practice since time began. Stabilization and

assimilation of body wastes in the soil are complete, and prob￾lems do not occur with low-density migratory populations of

people or animals. The higher-density conditions that can cause

problems have been documented since biblical times,1

and these

problems require a technique for management rather than ran￾town mente doemerge ms disposal d and i and ths cities ae. Controlle literatur technolog . Theed earlies y waapplicatio wits ihtn thlan Bunzlau end centralizatio o applicatio f th,e Germany, waste n syste ns o tfom peopl th docu ee lan i-n d 2

sewage irrigation project was in operation for over 30 wher 0 years a ,

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