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The Civil War

Abraham Lincoln, considered by the South to be a threat

to slavery, was elected president in 1860. Eleven southern

states withdrew from the Union. They formed a separate

government called the Confederate States of America.

Here is the division between free and slave states in 1861:

FREE STATES

Maine Indiana

New Hampshire Illinois

Vermont Michigan

Massachusetts Wisconsin

Rhode Island Iowa

Connecticut Minnesota

New Jersey Kansas

New York Oregon

Pennsylvania California

Ohio

SLAVE STATES

Maryland South Carolina*

Delaware Georgia*

Virginia* Florida*

Kentucky Alabama*

Missouri Mississippi*

Louisiana* Arkansas*

Texas* Tennessee*

North Carolina*

TERRITORIES

Washington Nevada

Dakota Colorado

New Mexico Utah

Indian Nebraska

*Confederate States

In 1861, Confederate soldiers opened fire on Fort

Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Civil War

began. The “War Between the States” lasted four years

and eventually killed 600,000 people. It also destroyed an

estimated $5 billion in property. The war ended in 1865

after the surrender of Robert E. Lee, the most important

general of the Confederacy. Four million slaves were

freed during the period of Reconstruction that followed

the war. Five days after the Northern victory, President

Lincoln was assassinated by a Confederate sympathizer.

Resentment and division between the South and North

were not resolved for decades after the war’s end.

Big Business

From 1860 into the next century, the United States expe￾rienced an explosion of industrialization. Just as the

Industrial Revolution changed Europe, it altered life in the

new nation. Natural resources, technological advances,

railroad expansion, and a new wave of immigrants in the

workforce made industrial growth possible. Businesses

began to operate over broad geographic areas and grew

into large corporations. Tycoons of the steel and oil

industry like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller

controlled much of the marketplace. The powerful

industrialists supported the policy of laissez-faire: They

believed government should not interfere with business.

Large-scale production changed the workplace.

Laborers were more likely to work in large factories than

in small workshops. Machines and unskilled workers

replaced skilled workers to keep costs down. Many

worked long hours doing monotonous work in danger￾ous conditions. As a result, national labor unions began

to form to protect the rights of workers. The first

national labor union was the Knights of Labor, which

organized in 1869. In 1886, the American Federation of

Labor (AFL) formed, joining together a network of local

unions. Led by Samuel Gompers, an immigrant cigar

maker, the union rallied for improved hours, wages, and

working conditions. Reformers, called the Progressives,

wanted to curb the power of big business and protect

working people. Among other goals, progressive reform￾ers wanted to end child labor and introduce a minimum

wage. Through their efforts, government at the local,

state, and national level began to regulate business.

EXERCISE 5

Use the information from the big business passage to

select the best answer for each question. The answers are

on page 168.

1. Which of the following slogans would industrial￾ist John D. Rockefeller most likely support?

a. Live Free or Die

b. Our Union, Our Voice

c. Equal Pay for Equal Work

d. That Government Is Best Which Governs

Least

e. Big Government

–WORLD HISTORY–

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