Khó khăn của học sinh người Khmer khi học tiếng Anh và biện pháp khắc phục

K H O KHA N CU A HO C SIN H NGUO I KHME R

K H I HO C TIEN G AN H V A BIE N PHA P KHA C PHU C

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O ThS. VO VAN TAI*

1. Nhung kho khan dqc trung cua HS dan

tqc Khmer a Hnh Sdc Trang khi hoc tieng Anh

Mot nghien cuu thyc hien vao thang 2/2010,

co sy tham gia cua 23 GV tieng Anh nguoi Viet,

7 GV tieng Anh ngudi Khmer va 144 HS (88 HS

nguoi Kinh va 56 HS nguai Khmer) d 2 trudng:

Trudng Ddn tdc nqi tru tinh Sdc Trdng vd Trudng

THPT Nguyen Khuyen, VTnh Chdu, Sdc Trdng cho

thdy: - Hdu het cdc GV khdng d|nh, HS ngudi

Khmer cd ket qud hoc tap thdp han so vdi ban

cung lua ngudi Kinh. Ket qud cua bdi kiem tra

cung gdp phdn chung minh dieu ndy, trong so

88 HS ngudi Kinh thi cd 40 HS (46%) dqt diem tu

5 trd len, ti le ndy d HS ngudi Khmer Id 28% (16

em); - Trong sd 37 HS Khmer duqc phdng van,

31 em (83,7%) cho biet: chi ndi tie'ng Khmer d

nhd vd gap khd khdn trong viec hieu tie'ng Viet.

Dieu ndy ddn den cdc em gap nhieu van de trong

viec hoc tie'ng Anh khi GV su dyng tieng Viet de

gidng bdi tieng Anh. Chi cd 6 HS (16,3%) cho

biet, cdc em it khi gap khd khdn khi thdy, cd gidng

bdi bdng tie'ng Viet do ndi tie'ng Viet thudng xuyen

d nhd; - SGK vd cdc tdi lieu khdc thudng viet

bdng tieng Viet vd tap trung vdo vdn hda, gido

dye, ldi sdng... cua ngudi Kinh. Ngudi Khmer

thudng Id ndng ddn sd'ng d nhung thon sdc xa

xdi, it cd dieu kien cho con cdi hoc hdnh. Ngay

cd hoc chu viet tieng Khmer, hdu het ngudi Khmer

deu gap khd khdn; - Ve khia cqnh giao tiep,

ngudi Khmer thudng it ndi, it dqt cdu hdi vd tram

ldng trudc dam ddng, mac du hq ndm duqc van

de. Tdm li ndy gay ra nhieu khd khdn, cdn trd

dd'i vdi HS Khmer, ddc biet Id HS vung sdu, vung

xa trong qud trinh hoc tap cd tieng Viet vd tie'ng

Anh ne'u khdng cd sy quan tdm, giup dd tich cue

cua thdy cd gido.

1.1. Nguyen nhan ngon ngu

Lightbown and Spada (2006) cho rdng, tre

con khi bdt ddu di hoc ngdn ngu tieng me de se

hoc tap hieu qud vd ty tin vi trudc dd chung dd

cd khd ndng hieu vd ndi td't. Trudng hqp HS ngudi

Khmer, d nhd cdc em su dyng tie'ng Khmer de

giao tiep hdng ngdy, nhung khi den trudng cdc

em khdng duqc tiep tuc day chu viet Khmer md

phdi hoc ngdn ngu phd thdng Id tieng Viet, bdng

tieng Viet. Do nghe - hieu khdng tdt, cdc em gap

khd khdn trong viec hieu yeu cdu de bdi hodc ldi

gidi thich cua thdy, cd.

Cenoz (2000) cho rdng, muc dp luu loat cua

ngdn ngu thu nhdt vd thu hai cd dnh hudng den

viec hoc ngdn ngu thu ba. HS Khmer ndi tieng

Khmer d nhd cho den khi 7 tudi thi de'n trudng vd

duqc hoc tieng Viet. Thudng thi cdc em khdng biet

viet chu Khmer, lqi them han che trong viec hieu tu

vung cua tieng Viet ddn de'n ket qud hoc tieng Anh

thudng thdp hon ban cung lua ngudi Kinh, khd

ndng thyc hdnh cdc ki ndng cung han che han.

1.2. Nguyen nhan phi ngon ngu

Cortazzi and Jin (1999) phdn biet 3 loai thdng

tin vdn hda su dyng trong SGK vd cdc tdi lieu: tdi

lieu vdn hda ngudn ( «source culture materials"),

tdi lieu vdn hda myc tieu («target culture

materials") vd tdi lieu vdn hda qudc te

(international culture materials") (trich trong

Mckay, 2002, tr. 88). Can cu vdo dd cd the thdy,

khdng cd mdi lien he ndo giua SGK tieng Anh

phd thdng vdi vdn hda Khmer. HS Khmer phdi

hoc tdi lieu vdn hda su dyng cho HS ngudi Kinh,

khdng phdi Id tdi lieu van hda ngudn cho HS

Khmer. Nen chdng, SGK long ghep cdc yeu to

vdn hda cua ngudi Khmer hodc cdc ddn tdc khdc

de HS Khmer de ddng lien tudng den nen van

hda cua hq khi hoc tieng Anh. Khdng cd yeu to

vdn hda dja phuang, lqi phdi hoc mdt ngdn ngu

thu ba (tie'ng Anh) thdng qua ngdn ngu thu hai

(tie'ng Viet), HS Khmer gap khdng it khd khdn.

Dieu kien sd'ng vd mdi trudng ngdn ngu cung

dnh hudng rdt ldn den ngudi hoc, nhung yeu to

ve mdi trudng vd dieu kien sdng dnh hudng khdng

it de'n viec hoc tie'ng Anh cua HS Khmer. HS Khmer

chi ndi tie'ng Viet khi di hoc d trudng, ve nhd lqi

ndi tie'ng Khmer vi cha, me, ldng gidng deu Id

* Tnrong THPT chuyen Nguyen Thi Minh Khai, tinh Soc Trang

Tap chi Giao due so 25 4 ng a • i/aoim