Japanese Diplomacy : The Role of Leadership

Japanese Diplomacy

SUNY series, James N. Rosenau series in Global Politics

—————

David C. Earnest, editor

Japanese Diplomacy

The Role of Leadership

H. D. P. ENVALL

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

© 2015 State University of New York

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever

without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system

or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic,

magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior

permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY

www.sunypress.edu

Production, Eileen Nizer

Marketing, Michael Campochiaro

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Envall, H. D. P.

Japanese diplomacy : the role of leadership / H. D. P. Envall.

pages cm. — (SUNY series, James N. Rosenau series in global politics)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4384-5497-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)

ISBN 978-1-4384-5499-3 (ebook)

1. Japan—Politics and government. 2. Political leadership—Japan. 3. Prime

ministers—Japan. 4. Personality and politics. 5. Japan—Foreign relations.

I. Title.

JQ1631.E68 2014

327.52—dc23 2014010395

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

For Megan

•

Contents

Tables ix

Preface xi

Abbreviations xiii

Introduction 1

1 Leadership and Diplomacy 13

2 Locating Japanese Leaders 37

3 Leadership and Japan’s Strategic Identity 61

4 Ōhira Masayoshi: Overdetermined Environment 85

5 Suzuki Zenkō: Laissez-Faire Leadership 111

6 Nakasone Yasuhiro: Widening Possibilities 137

Conclusion 163

Notes 177

Bibliography 217

Index 239

ix

Tables

Table 1 Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles 18

Table 2 Change and Scope in Leadership Visions and Outcomes 23

Table 3 Selected Japanese Leadership Strategies and Outcomes 48

Table 4 Japan’s Summit Leadership 165

xi

Preface

In this book, I have sought to characterize how individual leaders act in

international affairs and to identify how their leadership plays a causal

role in the processes and outcomes of diplomatic decision making. In

addition to these general aims, I have also sought to examine and explain

the more specific issue of Japanese political leadership and foreign affairs.

Have Japanese prime ministers—especially those who came before Koi￾zumi Jun’ichirō—been able to pursue leadership styles not necessarily in

keeping with their political environments? And have these leaders shaped

the country’s diplomatic processes and outcomes?

Many people provided enormous support to me in the research￾ing, writing, and redrafting of various aspects of the book. They include

William Coaldrake, Gerald Curtis, Katalin Ferber, Takeshi Nobayashi,

the librarians at the International House of Japan, the Deutsches Institut

Für Japanstudien (German Institute for Japanese Studies), Patricia Papa,

Michal Takahashi, Adiya Lkhagvaa, Kazue Murai, Tim Letheren, Miho

Yajima, Yeo Kwee Chuan, Hiroko Watanabe, Pam Wallace, Sue Gilbert,

Peter Matanle, Rikki Kersten, Chizuko Horiuchi, Ansonne Belcher, Kana

Moy, Sheila Flores, Satomi Ono, Ian Hall, Brendan Taylor, Amy Catalinac,

Kerri Ng, Nick Bisley, Judith Brett, David Walton, Mathew Davies, Shan￾non Tow, and Michelle Hall, amongst many others. Several people read

drafts of the manuscript at various stages and, as well as demonstrating

great patience, provided extensive and very helpful comments and sugges￾tions, especially Derek McDougall, Carolyn Stevens, Hugo Dobson, John

Welfield, William Tow, and the anonymous reviewers. I am also particu￾larly indebted to Mary-Louise Hickey, whose exceptional copyediting has

made the book far more fluent than would have otherwise been possible.

At different stages through this process, I was also lucky to receive

support of various kinds from organizations including the Japanese Min￾istry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the John D.

xii Preface

and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Hitotsubashi University, Waseda

University, La Trobe University, and The Australian National University.

I am eternally grateful for the ongoing encouragement of my family,

especially my parents, Bruce and Diana. I am also blessed to have had the

support of my Japanese host-family—Tamotsu, Toshiko, Satoshi, Tomoko,

Ken, Mafuyu, and Sakura. Finally, my partner, Megan O’Donnell, who was

prepared to read through numerous drafts and redrafts, has given me the

inspiration without which I could not have finished the book. Despite all

this help, however, I alone bear responsibility for the book’s shortcomings.

Japanese words and personal names have been Romanized accord￾ing to the modified Hepburn system. Japanese names are presented in

the Japanese order. However, the spelling and word order for the names

of Japanese scholars publishing in English are maintained as published.

Chapters 2 and 3 include material adapted from two earlier arti￾cles by the author. These are: “Exceptions that Make the Rule? Koizumi

Jun’ichirō and Political Leadership in Japan,” H. D. P. Envall, Japanese

Studies, September 1, 2008, reprinted by permission of the publisher (Tay￾lor & Francis Ltd, www.tandf.co.uk/journals); and “Transforming Security

Politics: Koizumi Jun’ichro and the Gaullist Tradition in Japan,” H. D. P.

Envall, Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, July 20, 2008,

for which copyright is retained by the author under the journal’s copyright

and disclaimers policy.

xiii

Abbreviations

ADB Asia Development Board

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

CLB Cabinet Legislation Bureau

DLP Democratic Liberal Party

DPJ Democratic Party of Japan

EC European Community

FPA foreign policy analysis

G5 Group of Five

G7 Group of Seven

G8 Group of Eight

G20 Group of Twenty

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

IEA International Energy Agency

INF intermediate-range nuclear forces

IR international relations

JDA Japan Defense Agency

JSDF Japan Self Defense Forces

JSP Japan Socialist Party

LDP Liberal Democratic Party

xiv Abbreviations

MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry

MOF Ministry of Finance

MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

UK United Kingdom