International relations : the key concepts

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:

THE KEY CONCEPTS

Featuring 150 entries, International Relations: The Key Concepts is the

essential guide for anyone interested in international affairs. Com￾prehensive and up-to-date, it introduces the most important themes in

international relations, with an emphasis on contemporary issues.

Entries include:

• diplomacy

• global warming

• terrorism

• human rights

• rogue state

• loose nukes

• United Nations

• security

• arms control

• ethnic cleansing

Offering suggestions for further reading as well as a unique guide to

Internet web sites on international relations, this accessible handbook is

an invaluable guide to a rapidly expanding field, ideal for the student

and non-specialist alike.

Martin Griffiths is Senior Lecturer in the School of Political and

International Studies at Flinders University, Australia. He is the author

of Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, also available from

Routledge. Terry O’Callaghan is Lecturer in the School of

International Studies at the University of South Australia.

ROUTLEDGE KEY GUIDES

Routledge Key Guides are accessible, informative, and lucid handbooks, which

define and discuss the central concepts, thinkers, and debates in a broad range of

academic disciplines. All are written by noted experts in their respective subjects.

Clear, concise exposition of complex and stimulating issues and ideas make

Routledge Key Guides the ultimate reference resources for students, teachers,

researchers, and the interested lay person.

Ancient History: Key Themes and

Approaches

Neville Morley

Business: The Key Concepts

Mark Vernon

Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts

(second edition)

Susan Hayward

Cultural Theory: The Key Thinkers

Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick

Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings

Oliver Leaman

Television Studies: The Key Concepts

Neil Casey, Bernadette Casey, Justin

Lewis, Ben Calvert and Liam French

Fifty Eastern Thinkers

Diané Collinson, Kathryn Plant and

Robert Wilkinson

Fifty Contemporary Choreographers

Edited by Martha Bremser

Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers

Edited by Yvonne Tasker

Fifty Key Classical Authors

Alison Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash

Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers

John Lechte

Fifty Key Jewish Thinkers

Dan Cohn-Sherbok

Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment

Edited by Joy Palmer with Peter Blaze

Corcoran and David A. Cooper

Fifty Key Thinkers on History

Marnie Hughes-Warrington

Fifty Key Thinkers in International

Relations

Martin Griffiths

Fifty Major Economists

Steven Pressman

Fifty Major Philosophers

Diané Collinson

Fifty Major Thinkers on Education

Joy Palmer

Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education

Joy Palmer

International Relations: The Key Concepts

Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan

Key Concepts in Communication and

Cultural Studies (second edition)

Tim O’Sullivan, John Hartley, Danny

Saunders, Martin Montgomery and

John Fiske

Key Concepts in Cultural Theory

Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick

Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy

Oliver Leaman

Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics

R. L. Trask

Key Concepts in the Philosophy of

Education

John Gingell and Christopher Winch

Key Concepts in Popular Music

Roy Shuker

Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts

Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and

Helen Tiffin

Social and Cultural Anthropology: The

Key Concepts

Nigel Rapport and Joanna Overing

INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS:

THE KEY CONCEPTS

Martin Griffiths and

Terry O’Callaghan

London and New York

First published 2002

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

© 2002 Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,

mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter

invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any

information storage or retrieval system, without permission in

writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Griffiths, Martin, 1961-

International relations : the key concepts / Martin Griffiths &

Terry O’Callaghan.

p. cm.—(Routledge key guides)

Includes bibliographical references.

1. International relations—Encyclopedias. 2. World politics—

Encyclopedias. I. O’Callaghan, Terry, 1956– II. Title. III. Series.

JZ1160 .G75 2002

327′.03—dc21 2001038715

ISBN 0–415–22882–4 (hbk)

ISBN 0–415–22883–2 (pbk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

ISBN 0-203-40280-4 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-40923-X (Adobe eReader Format)

CONTENTS

Preface vii

Acknowledgements ix

List of key concepts xi

Key concepts 1

Appendix: international relations web sites 342

Bibliography 365

Name index 390

Subject index 392

v

PREFACE

The discipline of International Relations (IR) is the academic study of

the origins and consequences (both empirical and normative) of a

world divided among states. So defined, IR is a very broad discipline. It

includes a variety of sub-fields such as diplomatic statecraft and foreign

policy analysis, comparative politics, historical sociology, international

political economy, international history, strategic studies and military

affairs, ethics, and international political theory. In addition to its wide

scope, the study of international relations is shaped by the interplay

between continuity and change in its subject-matter. Accordingly, the

contents of this book reflect both the scope of the discipline as well as

dramatic developments in world politics that have taken place since the

end of the cold war. The book is neither a dictionary nor a textbook;

rather, it combines the strengths of each. It contains 150 key concepts

that we believe all students in the field should be familiar with as they

confront the challenges of understanding our contemporary world.

Within that list, the book includes analyses of the most important

international organisations in world politics.

Each entry comprises a short essay that defines the term and identi￾fies the historical origins and subsequent development of its use in IR.

Where a term is controversial, we explain the reasons why. This book

covers concepts, institutions, and terms that, although well-established

in their use, have been the focus of revision in their meaning or appli￾cation to contemporary international relations. The book also includes

numerous terms that have only recently joined the vocabulary of the

discipline to describe new phenomena in world politics. Although

each entry is self-contained, cross-references to other concepts are fre￾quent, and they are indicated by the use of bold type. At the end of

each essay we explicitly cross-reference the term to complementary

concepts discussed elsewhere in the text. In addition, we provide a

short list of important further readings that can be found in the

vii

bibliography. Finally, this book is unique in the Key Concepts series in

providing its readers with a comprehensive guide to Internet resources

and useful web sites that are indispensable research tools in the study of

international relations.



viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are indebted to Roger Thorp at Routledge for inviting us to write

this book. Along the way we have benefited from the advice and

support of many colleagues in the field, including George Crowder,

Rick DeAngelis, Jessica Ellis, John Hobson, Darryl Jarvis, Anthony

Langlois, Andrew O’Neil, Lionel Orchard, Samuel Makinda, David

Mathieson, and Leonard Seabrooke. We may not have always taken

your advice, but the book is better for it none the less! Martin Griffiths

is particularly grateful to the Faculty of Social Sciences at Flinders

University for providing a vital period of study leave in 2001 to

complete the book, and to Julie Tonkin for her editorial assistance.

Likewise, Terry O’Callaghan acknowledges the support of Angela

Scarino and Ed Carson from the University of South Australia.

Finally, a special mention to our partners, Kylie and Margaret, whose

unfailing support made the task of writing this book much easier than

it otherwise would have been.

Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan

Adelaide, Australia

November 2001

ix

KEY CONCEPTS

A

alliance

anarchy

appeasement

arms control

arms race

arms trade

B

balance of power

beggar-thy-neighbour policies

biodiversity

Bretton Woods

C

capital controls

capitalism

casino capitalism

clash of civilisations

CNN factor

cold war

collective security

common security

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

communism

communitarianism

concert of powers

xi

constructivism

containment

cosmopolitanism

crisis

critical theory

D

debt trap

decolonisation

democratic peace

democratisation

dependency

deterrence

development

diaspora

diplomacy

disarmament

distributive justice

E

embedded liberalism

end of History

ethnic cleansing

ethnicity

euro

European Union (EU)

exploitation

extraterritoriality

F

failed state

feminism

foreign aid

foreign direct investment (FDI)

free trade

functionalism

 

xii

G

genocide

geopolitics

global civil society

global governance

globalisation

global warming

great powers

Group of Seven (G7)

H

hegemonic stability theory

hegemony

historical sociology

human rights

humanitarian intervention

I

idealism

imagined community

imperialism

integration

interdependence

international law

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

international society

inter-paradigm debate

irredentism

isolationism

J

just war

L

League of Nations

levels of analysis

 

xiii

liberal internationalism

loose nukes

M

managed trade

mercantilism

mercenary

middle power

misperception

modernisation theory

multilateralism

multinational corporation (MNC)

mutually assured destruction (MAD)

N

national interest

nationalism

nation-state

newly industrialising country (NIC)

non-governmental organisation (NGO)

non-tariff barrier (NTB)

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

nuclear proliferation

O

order

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Organisation of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC)

P

peace-building

peacekeeping

Peace of Westphalia

peace studies

perpetual peace

political risk

population growth

 

xiv