International Relations

International

Relations

EDITED BY

STEPHEN McGLINCHEY

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“In today’s volatile and fast moving world, it is important to understand how

things really work on the global stage. This book brings together scholars and

practitioners from around the world to explain key issues, concepts and

dynamics from a variety of perspectives in clear and accessible language. An

invaluable and interesting read for anyone who wants to learn the basics of

international relations.”

- Marta Dyczok. Associate Professor, Departments of History and Political

Science, University of Western Ontario.

“With the turbulence all around us, everyone is affected by what happens

elsewhere and no one can afford not to understand international relations.

This is an essential guide to learning how to navigate our interconnected

world”.

- Mukesh Kapila, CBE. Professor of Global Health & Humanitarian Affairs,

University of Manchester.

“A thoughtful, well-written, intelligently presented and engaging narrative

introduction to international relations.”

- Richard Ned Lebow. Professor of International Political Theory, Department

of War Studies, King’s College London.

“A concise and comprehensive introduction to the study of international

affairs. Adopting a student-centred approach and using strong examples, this

book is essential for promoting understanding about international relations.”

- Yannis Stivachtis. Associate Chair, Department of Political Science, and

International Studies Program Director, Virginia Tech.

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iii

International

Relations

EDITED BY

STEPHEN McGLINCHEY

iv

E-International Relations

www.E-IR.info

Bristol, England

2017

ISBN 978-1-910814-17-8 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-910814-18-5 (e-book)

This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You

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Elements of chapter seven appeared in Globalisation, Multilateralism,

Europe: Towards a Better Global Governance? (Ashgate 2014). Used with

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Production: Michael Tang

Copy-editing: Gill Gairdner

Cover Image: yuliang11 via Depositphotos

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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E-IR Foundations

Series Editor: Stephen McGlinchey

Editorial Assistants: Stacey Links, Max Nurnus, Kanica Rakhra & Rosie Walters.

E-IR Foundations is a series of beginner’s textbooks from E-International Relations

(E-IR) that are designed to introduce complicated issues in a practical and accessible

way. Each book will cover a different area connected to International Relations. This is

the first book in the series, with more to follow.

You can find the books, and much more, on E-IR’s Student Portal:

http://www.e-ir.info/students

E-IR is developing our Foundations series as part of our mission to provide the best

source of freely available scholarly materials for students of International Relations.

Each book is available to buy in bookstores in paperback and, uniquely for textbooks,

also freely accessible in web and PDF formats. So, readers can have each book at

their fingertips and on all their devices without any restrictions or hassle.

Typically, textbook publishing is designed to appeal to professors/lecturers and,

consequently, even the introductory books are intended less as an aid to the student

and more to assist the instructor in the classroom. Our books are designed to meet the

needs of the student, with the focus on moving readers from no prior knowledge to

competency. They are intended to accompany, rather than replace, other texts, while

offering the student a fresh perspective.

About E-International Relations

E-International Relations is the world’s leading open access website for students and

scholars of international politics, reaching over three million readers per year. E-IR’s

daily publications feature expert articles, blogs, reviews and interviews – as well as

student learning resources. The website is run by a non-profit organisation based in

Bristol, England and staffed by an all-volunteer team of students and scholars.

http://www.e-ir.info

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Acknowledgements

This book would not have been possible without the assistance of E-IR’s

Student Review Panel. Members of the panel gave up their spare time to read

drafts of each chapter and offer their thoughts on how they could be

improved. The panel was chaired by Christian Scheinpflug and comprised

Janja R. Avgustin, Laura Cartner, Tom Cassauwers, Caroline Cottet, Jessica

Dam, Scott Edwards, Phoebe Gardner, Daniel Golebiewski, Jane Kirkpatrick,

Matthew Koo, Naomi McMillen, Mohamed Osman, Robert Ralston, Bryan

Roh, Daniel Rowney, Ana Carolina Sarmento, Loveleena Sharma, Ljupcho

Stojkovski, Anthony Szczurek, Jan Tattenberg and Jonathan Webb.

I would also like to thank all members of the E-International Relations team,

past and present, for their many acts of kindness in feeding back on ideas

and providing a supportive climate for the book’s development. Of special

note in that respect is E-IR’s co-founder Adam Groves, without whom this

project would not have been possible.

Countless others have helped me through the year-long process of moving

the book from concept to completion – especially Robert Oprisko, who was

instrumental in getting the project off the ground during the early stages. I

would also like to thank Michael Tang and Ran Xiao for their friendship and

expertise.

This book has been developed in part due to conversations and experiences

in and around the classroom, so I would also like to thank my colleagues, and

my students, at the University of the West of England, Bristol. I am very

fortunate to be part of such a vibrant and supportive scholarly environment.

Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank the authors of each of the

chapters for working so hard on this project and helping me deliver such an

excellent book.

Stephen McGlinchey

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viii International Relations

Contents

CONTRIBUTORS x

GETTING STARTED 1

PART ONE - THE BASICS

1. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD

Erik Ringmar 8

2. DIPLOMACY

Stephen McGlinchey 20

3. ONE WORLD, MANY ACTORS

Carmen Gebhard 32

4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY

Dana Gold & Stephen McGlinchey 46

5. INTERNATIONAL LAW

Knut Traisbach 57

6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

Shazelina Z. Abidin 71

7. GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY

Raffaele Marchetti 78

8. GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

Günter Walzenbach 87

9. RELIGION AND CULTURE

John A. Rees 98

PART TWO - GLOBAL ISSUES

10. GLOBAL POVERTY AND WEALTH

James Arvanitakis & David J. Hornsby 113

Contents ix

11. PROTECTING PEOPLE

Alex J. Bellamy 123

12. CONNECTIVITY, COMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

Andreas Haggman 135

13. VOICES OF THE PEOPLE

Jeffrey Haynes 144

14. TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM

Katherine E. Brown 152

15. THE ENVIRONMENT

Raul Pacheco-Vega 163

16. FEEDING THE WORLD

Ben Richardson 172

17. MANAGING GLOBAL SECURITY BEYOND ‘PAX AMERICANA’

Harvey M. Sapolsky 183

18. CROSSINGS AND CANDLES

Peter Vale 194

REFERENCES 210

NOTE ON INDEXING 222

x International Relations

Contributors

Shazelina Z. Abidin is a Foreign Service officer with the Malaysian Ministry

of Foreign Affairs. After postings in Washington, DC, and to the UN in New

York, she completed her PhD at the University of Sheffield on the

Responsibility to Protect.

James Arvanitakis is Dean of the Graduate Research School, and

Professor, at Western Sydney University. He is also a Visiting Professor at

University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.

Alex J. Bellamy is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director of

the Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, University of

Queensland, Australia.

Katherine E. Brown is Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University of

Birmingham. She specialises in religious terrorism, radicalisation and counter￾radicalisation with a focus on questions of gender.

Carmen Gebhard is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the

University of Edinburgh. She has a particular interest in small states as well

as in inter-organisational relationships in security and defence matters.

Dana Gold is a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Political Science at

the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada. Her PhD research

explores how mental representations of the ‘Other’ are constructed and

reproduced in the Israeli educational system.

Andreas Haggman is a Doctoral Candidate in the Centre for Doctoral

Training in Cyber Security at Royal Holloway University of London, where he

is writing his PhD thesis on wargaming cyber-attacks.

Jeffrey Haynes is Professor of Politics at London Metropolitan University and

Director of the Centre for the Study of Religion, Conflict and Cooperation.

David J. Hornsby is Associate Professor in International Relations and

Assistant Dean of Humanities (Teaching and Learning) at the University of the

Contributors xi

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. His research interests pertain to the politics of

science and risk in international governance, Canadian foreign policy in Sub￾Saharan Africa, middle power cooperation, and pedagogy in higher education.

Raffaele Marchetti is Senior Assistant Professor in International Relations at

the Department of Political Science and the School of Government of LUISS,

Rome. His research focuses on global politics and governance, hybrid

diplomacy, transnational civil society, cyber-security and political risk and

democracy.

Stephen McGlinchey is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the

University of the West of England, Bristol and Editor-in-Chief of

E-International Relations. His main research interests are in US-Iran relations

during the Cold War.

Raul Pacheco-Vega is an Assistant Professor in the Public Administration

Division of the Center for Economic Teaching and Research (CIDE) in

Mexico. His research focuses on North American environmental politics,

primarily sanitation and water governance, solid waste management,

neoinstitutional theory, transnational environmental social movements and

experimental methods in public policy.

John A. Rees is Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations at

The University of Notre Dame Australia. He is also Convenor of the Religion

and Global Society Program at Notre Dame’s Institute for Ethics and Society.

Ben Richardson is an Associate Professor in International Political Economy

at the University of Warwick. His research focuses on the political economy of

food and agriculture.

Erik Ringmar is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at Lund University,

Sweden. He worked for 12 years at the London School of Economics and

was a Professor of International Relations in China for seven years.

Harvey M. Sapolsky is Professor of Public Policy and Organization,

Emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former Director of

the MIT Security Studies Program.

Knut Traisbach is Programme Director of the Venice Academy of Human

Rights at the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and

Democratisation, Venice.

xii International Relations

Peter Vale is Director of the Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study &

Professor of Humanities at the University of Johannesburg. He is also Nelson

Mandela Professor of Politics Emeritus, Rhodes University.

Günter Walzenbach is Senior Lecturer in European Politics at the University

of the West of England. His main academic interest lies in the interaction

between political and economic institutions for the purpose of social problem

solving.