Human factors in ship design, safety and operation IV

RINA

© 2007: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects

The Institution is not, as a body, responsible for the

opinions expressed by the individual authors or

speakers

THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF NAVAL

ARCHITECTS

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ISBN No: 1-905040-34-2

HUMAN FACTORS IN SHIP DESIGN,

SAFETY & OPERATION IV

21 - 22 March 2007

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HUMAN FACTORS (HF) GUIDANCE

FOR MAINTENANCE

Royal Institution of Naval Architects

22 March 2007

David Pennie, Nikki Brook-Carter & Jon Berman (Greenstreet Berman)

Nim Dissanayake (RSSB Research Manager)

Huw Gibson (RSSB Technical Lead)

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Fulcrum House 5 Southern Court South Street Reading RG1 4QS

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Overview

• Introduction;

• Vulnerability of Maintenance;

• Background to the Research;

• Human Factors (HF) guidance -

what it contains;

• Cross over potential to maritime

industry;

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Introduction – why are we here?

• Describe Human Factors Guidance developed for Rail Vehicle Maintainers;

• Detail why there is a need for this type of guidance for maintenance work;

• Discuss the cross over potential of this guidance to the Maritime Industry.

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The vulnerability of maintenance

• Maintenance still largely dependant on humans;

• Maintenance tasks provide considerable opportunity for human error to occur;

• Human error is largely a consequence of the work system, how it has been

designed and other wider organisational factors.

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Consequences

• 1988 Clapham Rail – collision;

• 1988 Piper Alpha – explosion;

• 1984 Union Carbide Bhopal – a

cloud of toxic chemical was

released;

• 2000 Erika – one of Europe's worst

ever oil spills.

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Work system failures

• Poor work planning creates time pressure (maintainers hurry work and violate

safety procedures);

• Equipment/components are not easily accessible or appropriate (maintainer

use or adapt equipment/components not suitable for the job);

• Documentation does not provide easily understandable or readable instruction;

• Maintainers are frequently interrupted and distracted (do not re-instate

system to operational state);

• Inadequate lighting means that the maintainer fails to identify a fault;

• Vehicle design allows swarf debris to enter electrical systems during

maintenance work causing failure;

• Poor communication of new procedures during briefings (maintainers continue

to follow old ways of working).

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How can Human Factors help?

“scientific discipline that applies systematic, evidence-based methods

and knowledge about people to evaluate and improve the interaction

between individuals, technology and organisations“ - Rail Industry Advisory

Committee (RIAC)

The guiding principles of human factors:

• Errors are a consequence not a cause;

• Errors and poor performance do not occur randomly;

• Seek input from those that carry out the work (maintainers);

• Design to make allowances for people;

• Strengthen defences to limit & contain predictable errors;

• Apply good practice.

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Background to the RSSB work

• Research commissioned by Rail Safety &

Standards Board (RSSB);

• Help those responsible for carrying out Rail

Vehicle M&I identify HF issues and find solutions;

• The overriding requirement was to deliver a:

“Useable and tested product that can be

readily applied to M&I operation

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Developing HF Guidance

• Identification of good practices (interviews and observations of maintenance

work /literature review);

• Develop evidence base for HF issues impacting on maintenance performance;

• Develop a HF framework;

• Development of the structure and content of the guidance package;

• Case studies (applied the guidance to real issues impacting on depot

maintenance);

• Development of an electronic version of the guidance package;

• User testing;

• Guidance revision and final reporting.

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The HF Guidance Package

HF Framework

Issues

Task design

Tools & equipment

Communication

Procedures

Training

Work planning

Safety Culture

Fitness to work

Environment

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Screen Shot

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Guidance Tools

• Event Classification System;

• Maintenance Personnel Questionnaire;

• Decision Making Aid Questions;

• Workshop templates;

• Human Factors Framework;

• Human Factors Good Practice - designing for maintainability.

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Identifying issues - Questionnaire

Please select 5 items from the list below that you think, if made better, could

improve vehicle maintenance tasks at your depot

Design of maintenance & inspection

tasks.

Work planning and scheduling.

Training and competency assessment Company commitment and priority to health &

safety

Procedures & documents (task

instruction, manuals VMIs).

Monitoring, talking about and controlling for

factors that can affect performance at work

(fatigue, stress, diet, sleep).

Work environment (lighting, heat,

noise, air quality, tidiness).

Provision and quality of tools and equipment.

Communication across departments,

from management and between teams

Other………… 13

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Identifying issues - results graph

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4

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Task design

Work planning

Training

H&S

Procedures

Fitness

Environment

Equipment

Communication

other

Human Factors issue

Frequency