Highway and Urban environment: proceedings of the 9th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium

Sebastia n Rauc h

Gregor y M . Morriso n

Andre s Monzo n

Editor s

Urba n

Proceeding s ofthe ^

Urba n Environmen t

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ALLIANCE FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY BOOKSERIES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

VOLUME 17

Series Editor Dr. Joanne M. Kauffman

6-8, rue du General Camou

75007 Paris

France

[email protected]

Series Advisory Board

Professor Dr. Peter Edwards

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - Zurich, Switzerland

Dr. John H. Gibbons

President, Resource Strategies, The Plains, VA, USA

Professor David H. Marks

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

Professor Mario Molina

University of California, San Diego. USA

Professor Gregory Morrison

Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Dr. Rajendra Pachauri

Director, The Energy Resources Institute (TERI), India

Professor Akimasa Sumi

University of Tokyo, Japan

Professor Kazuhiko Takeuchi

University of Tokyo, Japan

Aims and Scope of the Series

The aim of this series is to provide timely accounts by authoritative scholars of the

results of cutting edge research into emerging barriers to sustainable development, and

methodologies and tools to help governments, industry, and civil society overcome

them. The work presented in the series will draw mainly on results of the research being

carried out in the Alliance for Global Sustainability (AGS).

The level of presentation is for graduate students in natural, social and engineering sci￾ences as well as policy and decision-makers around the world in government, industry

and civil society.

For other titles published in this series, go to

www.springer.com/series/5589

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Highwa y an d Urba n

Environmen t

Proceeding s o f th e 9t h Highwa y an d Urba n

Environmen t Symposiu m

Edited by

Sebastien Rauch

Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Gregory M. Morrison

Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Andres Monzon

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain

D AI HOC THA I NGUYEN

A A

TEUNGTA M HOC LIE U

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Editors

Sdbastien Rauch

Water Environment Technology

Chalmers University of Technology

Sweden

[email protected]

Andres Monzon

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

Spain

[email protected]

Gregory M. Morrison

Water Environment Technology

Chalmers University of Technology

Sweden

[email protected]

ISBN 978-90-481-3042-9 e-lSBN 978-90-481-3043-6

DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6

Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940201

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by

any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written

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of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

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Cover design:

Printed on acid-free paper

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A G S

The Alliance for Global Sustainability

Chairman:

Mr. Lars G. Josefsson, President and Chief Executive Officer, Vattenfall AB

AGS University Presidents:

Prof. Hiroshi Komiyama, President, University of Tokyo

Dr. Susan Hockfield, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Prof. Karin Markides, President, Chalmers University of Technology

Prof. Ralph Eichler, President, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich

Members:

Mr. Eiichi Abe, Managing Director, Nissan Science Foundation

Dr. Thomas Connelly, Chief Science and Technology Officer, DuPont

Dr. Hans-Peter Fricker, CEO, WWF Switzerland

Mr. Lars G. Josefsson, President and Chief Executive Officer, Vattenfall AB

Mr. Heinz Karrer, CEO of Axpo Holding

Mr. Kazuo Ogura, President, The Japan Foundation

Mr. Dan Sten Olsson, CEO, Stena AB

Mr. Motoyuki Ono, Director General, The Japan society for the Promotion of Science

Mr. Mutsutake Otsuka, Chairman, East Japan Railway Company

Ms. Margot Wallstrom, Member of the European Commission

Prof. Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, President, National Institute of Advanced Industrial

Science and Technology

Dr. Hans-Rudolf Zulliger, President Stiftung Drittes Millenium, Board of Directors,

Amazys Ltd.

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Prefac e

The 9th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium (9HUES) was held on 9-11

June 2008 in Madrid, Spain. HUES is run by Chalmers University of Technology

within the Alliance for Global Sustainability (The AGS). The symposium was

hosted by Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM).

HUES was initiated by Professor Ron Hamilton at Middlesex Polytechnic (now

University) in the early 1980s and had the title "Highway Pollution". The initial

aim was to measure and assess challenges in highway pollution, with a strong

emphasis on urban photochemical smog, ozone formation and particle release.

After the first symposium, the emphasis on air pollution issues continued through

to Munich in 1989 where diesel particulate issues and the relevance to health

through measurements of PM10 emerged. The focus on air quality issues was also

strengthened by the co-organisation of the symposium with Professor Roy Hamilton

at the University of Birmingham from 1986 to 1998. In parallel, the symposium

started to receive an increasing number of scientific contributions from the area of

urban run off, indeed to the extent that the title of the symposium was changed to

"Highway and Urban Pollution". Also at this time the importance of science in

support of policy was emerging as a key aspect of the symposium.

8HUES was held in Nicosia, Cyprus in 2006 and was hosted by the Cyprus

Institute. For this 8th symposium, we decided to evolve the name of the symposium

to "Highway and Environment" to provide a positive view of our common future

looking to a positive environment. That said, paper addressing pollution issues in

the highway and urban environment remain a central part of the symposium as they

help to raise awareness around issues to be solved. 8HUES was also marked by an

organizational change with Chalmers University of Technology taking over the

organization of the symposium. For the first time, the proceedings of the sympo￾sium were published as a book in the AGS book series.

For 9HUES we worked with TRANSyT - Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,

Spain to provide a professional and scientific forum on global examples of the science

required to support pathways to a positive and sustainable future in the highway and

urban environment.

Ana Botella Serrano, Delegada del Area de Gobierno de Medio Ambiente y

Segunda Teniente de Alcalde del Ayuntamiento de Madrid opened the symposium

with a keynote speech on the efforts done by the Municipality of Madrid to keep

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viii Preface

their environment sustainable. Plenary presentations were given by Jose Maria

Lopez from UPM, Spain; Stefan Norra from University of Karlsruhe, Germany;

Thomas Pettersson from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Maryse

Labriet from CIEMAT, Spain and Alfredo Tolon Bercera from Universidad de

Almeria, Spain. Presentations covered air pollution, soil and water contamination,

pollution control technologies, land use and mobility, urban climate and climate

change. Best poster awards was given to Ana Estela Barbosa from LNEC, Portugal

and Adalgiza Fornaro from the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

The following facts provide a background for 9HUES:

Eighty-two delegates (37 female) from 26 countries, including all continents

One hundred and seven abstracts for papers and posters were received

Fifty oral presentations and 20 poster presentations at the symposium

We would like to take this opportunity to thank all who have contributed to the

success of 9HUES. We would especially like to acknowledge Alexandra Priatna,

Jonna Bjuhr and Yvonne Young at Chalmers' AGS office and Emilio Ortega and

Patricia Rico at UPM whose organizational skills were essential to the success of

this symposium. Maria Svane at Chalmers' AGS office is acknowledged for putting

together the proceedings. Finally we would like to thank the delegates for the many

valuable contributions and a highly enjoyable symposium. We would particularly

like to acknowledge the continued participation of Paul Hoglund of Transforsk￾Transearch, Sweden.

The next symposium, 10HUES is planned for 9-11 June 2010 and will be held

in Goteborg, Sweden.

Goteborg, Sweden

Goteborg, Sweden

Madrid, Spain

Sebastien Rauch

Gregory M. Morrison

Andres Monzon

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Content s

Part I Sustainable Mobility and Management

Planning for Sustainable Mobility with Personal Rapid

Transit in Small European Cities 3

Alexandra Lichtenberg, Patricia Guimaraes, and Heleen Podsedkowska

Financing Urban Transport Through Value Capture 15

Lucia Mejfa Dorantes and Jose Manuel Vassallo Magro

Environmental Costs Account: A Base for Measuring

Sustainability in Transport Plans 23

Andres Monzon, Alvaro Fernandez, and Pablo Jorda

A GIS Raster Model for Assessing the Environmental

Quality of Spain Focused on SEA and Infrastructure

Planning Procedures (LATINO Model) 31

Luis G. Garcia-Montero, Santiago Mancebo Quintana, Miguel A. Casermeiro,

Isaabel Otero Pastor, and Andres Monzon de Caceres

Sustainable Mobility in Metropolitan Areas 39

Maria Eugenia Lopez-Lambas

Bases for Building a Sustainability Indicator System for Transport 49

Alfredo Tolon-Becerra, Isabel Otero-Pastor, Pedro Perez,

Alejandra Ezquerra-Canalejo, and Xavier Lastra-Bravo

Part II Air Pollution

Biodiesel from Waste Olive Oil: Transesterification Kinetics,

Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption 61

Laureano Canoira, Ramon Alcantara, Nikolaos Tsiouvaras,

M. Jesus Garcia- Martinez, Juan Garcia Galean, Alberto Llamas Lois,

Evripidis Lois, and Dimitrios M. Korres

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x

Contents

Intake Fraction for Benzene Traffic Emissions in Helsinki 71

Joana Soares, Miranda Loh. Ari Karppinen, Leena Kangas.

Kari Riikonen. Matti Jantunen, and Jaakko Kukkonen

Modelling of Air Pollutants of Highway Roads in Hungary 79

Gyorgyi Baranka

Seasonal Trend of Water-Soluble Ions at One TSP

and Five PM^, Sampling Sites in Beijing, China 87

Nina Schleicher, Stefan Norra. Fahe Chai, Yizhen Chen,

Shulan Wang, and Doris Stiiben

Utilization of Meandering in a Receptor-Oriented

Solution of the Line Source Dispersion Equation 97

Jari Harkonen, Janne Berger, Mari Kauhaniemi, Juha Nikmo,

and Ari Karppinen

Measurements of Heavy Metals in Dry and Wet Deposition

in Sao Paulo City 105

Ana Paula G. Fontenele, Adalgiza Fornaro, and Jairo J. Pedrotti

Exposure of Cyclists to Ultra Fine Particles 115

Luc Int Panis, Nico Bleux, Rudi Torfs, Vinit Mishra. Bas de Geus,

Romain Meeusen, Gregory Vandenbulcke, and Isabelle Thomas

Air Pollution Exposure in an Unventilated Tunnel in Leeds, UK 123

Anil Namdeo and James Tippins

Assessment of Aerosol Concentration Sampled at Five

Sites in Beijing from 2005 Till 2007 133

Stefan Norra, Nina Schleicher. Doris Stiiben, Fahe Chai. Yzhen Chen,

and Shulan Wang

Emissions Pollutant from Diesel, Biodiesel and Natural

Gas Refuse Collection Vehicles in Urban Areas 141

Jose' M. Lopez, Nuria Flores, Felipe Jimenez, and Francisco Aparicio

Part III Trace Elements in the Environment

Platinum-Group Element Distribution in Hathersage,

a Small Town Near Sheffield, UK: Evidence for a Single

Source from Catalytic Converters 151

Hazel M. Prichard. J. Sampson, and M.J. Jackson

Platinum and Lead in South African Road Dust

Sebastien Rauch and Olalekan S. Fatoki

161

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Contents xi

Part IV Urban Water Contamination

Reduction of Stormwater Runoff Toxicity by Wet Detention Ponds 169

Tove Wium-Andersen, Asbj0rn H. Nielsen, Thorkild Hvitved-Jacobsen,

and Jes Vollertsen

Microbial Contaminants Removal in a Stormwater Pond 177

Thomas J.R. Pettersson and Johan Astrom

Reuse of Solid Waste from the Clearing of Road Basins

and Ditches in Civil Engineering: Environmental

Characterization, Ways of Treatment and Their Efficiency 187

Paul-Emile Martin, Laurent Eisenlohr, Guy Bobillon,

Pierrick Esnault, and C. Gardet

Methodology Used for Comparing Two Locations for the New

Lisbon Airport Based on the Impacts on Surface Water 197

Ana Estela Barbosa, Joao Soromenho Rocha, and Joao Nuno Fernandes

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

(PAHs) in Surface Waters and Runoff 207

Olalekan S. Fatoki, Titus Van Ree, and Joyce Nakhavhembe

Use of Absorptive Media to Monitor Stormwater

Contamination in Small Urban Drains 217

Stephen Marshall, Vincent Pettigrove, Matthew Potter,

and Tony Barrett

Effects of Atmospheric Salt Deposition on Highway

Runoff Characteristics - A Pilot Case Study 225

Pedro Baila Antunes and Ana Estela Barbosa

Size Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Highway

Runoff Waters 235

Beatrice Bechet, Bertrand Durin, Michel Legret, and Pierre Le Cloirec

Ecotoxicological Impacts on Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.)

Exposed to Runoff from a Four Lane Motorway in Norway 245

Sondre Meland, Bj0rn Olav Rosseland, and Brit Salbu

Potential of Road Surface for a Non-point Source

of Pollutants - Result of Nationwide Survey in Japan 255

Norihide Tamoto, Takeyoshi Matsui, and Takashi Sakakibara

Trace Metals in Stockholm Sediments 267

Sebasticn Rauch. Malin Kylander, Maryam Khosravi, and Arne Jamtrot

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xii Contents

Environmental Impacts of the A6 Highway in La Silva

Stream in the Region of Bierzo. (Leon). Spain 275

Lucas Vadillo, Virginia Rodriguez, Esther Alberruche,

Osvaldo Aduvire, Margarita Lacal, Victorio Monteserin,

and Ines Iribarren

Part V Contaminated Sites and Treatment

Arsenic Contamination After Wood Impregnation:

Speciation, Sorption and Leaching 287

Emma Johansson, Kristine Ek, Malin Norin,

and Ann-Margret Stromvall

Effect of Heavy Metal on Complex Permittivity

Characteristics of Saturated Sand 299

Muhammad F.M. Zain, Mohd R. Taha, Hashem A. Mattarneh,

Rabah M.A. Ismail, and Maslina Jamil

Blast-Furnace Sludge as Sorbent Material for Multi-metal

Contaminated Water 307

Yuliya Kalmykova, Jesper Knutsson, Ann-Margret Stromvall,

and Kristina Hargelius

Evaluation of Zn, Cu and Pb Sorption-Desorption Phenomena

in Kaolinite-Sand Media Filtration Pilot Scale Installation 319

Paulo J. Ramfsio and Jose M.P. Vieira

Diagnosing the Impact of Traffic on Roadside Soils Through

Chemometric Analysis on the Concentrations

of More Than 60 Metals Measured by ICP/MS 329

Jose Antonio Carrero, Naiara Goienaga, Oihana Barrutia,

Unai Artetxe, Gorka Arana, Antonio Hernandez,

Jose Maria Becerril, and Juan Manuel Madariaga

Influence of De-Icing Salt on K Supply and Street Trees

Ecological Status in Riga, Latvia 337

Gunta Cekstere, Anita Osvalde, and Olgerts Nikodemus

Heavy Metals Soil Pollution in Some Urban Location

from Romania 347

Radu Lacatusu and Anca-Rovena Lacatusu

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Contents xiii

Part V I Urban Climate and Climate Change

Effects of Transport Infrastructure Plans on Climate Change.

Application to the Spanish Strategic Transport and Infrastructure

Plan 2005-2020 (PEIT) 359

Elena Lopez, Andres Monzon, and Panayotis Christidis

Designing High Traffic Volume Urban Motorway

Pavements to Maximize Sustainability 367

Michael L.J. Maher, Ludomir Uzarowski, and Gary Moore

Fuel Tax Levels Necessary to Achieve the Agreed

Reduction Targets of C0 2

Emissions. The Case of Madrid 377

Daniel de la Hoz, Luis A. Guzman, Paul Pfaffenbichler,

and Simon Shepherd

Emission Inventory for the Road Transport Sector

in the Urban Area of Naples: Methodology and Results 387

Paolo Iodice, Massimo Cardone, Adolfo Senatore,

and Mariano Migliaccio

Transport Energy Use and Emission Trends in Spain 397

Pedro J. Perez-Martinez and Andres Monzon de Caceres

Index 405

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Part i

Sustainabl e Mobilit y an d Managemen t

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