Handbook of Water Analysis, Third Edition

T H I R D E D I T I O N

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

T H I R D E D I T I O N

E D I T E D B Y

L e o M . L . N o l l e t

L e e n S . P. D e G e l d e r

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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v

Contents

Preface ...................................................................................................................................................... ix

Editors....................................................................................................................................................... xi

Contributors............................................................................................................................................xiii

Section I Sampling and Data Treatment Methods

1. Sampling Methods in Surface Waters............................................................................................ 3

Munro Mortimer, Jochen F. Müller, and Matthias Liess

2. Methods of Treatment of Data...................................................................................................... 47

Riccardo Leardi

Section II Radioanalytical Analysis

3. Radioanalytical Methodology for Water Analysis...................................................................... 79

Jorge S. Alvarado

Section III Organoleptical Analysis

4. Organoleptical Methodology........................................................................................................101

Abdul Moheman, Md. Musawwer Khan, and K. S. Siddiqi

Section IV Analysis of Biological Parameters

5. Bacteriological Analysis of Water................................................................................................115

Paulinus Chigbu and Salina Parveen

6. Marine Toxins Analysis................................................................................................................153

Luis M. Botana, A. Alfonso, M. R. Vieytes, N. Vilariño, A. M. Botana, C. Louzao,

and C. Vale

7. Algal Analysis................................................................................................................................163

Leonardo Rubi Rörig

Section V Halogens, N-Compounds, and Phosphates

8. Halogens.........................................................................................................................................189

Géza Nagy and Livia Nagy

9. Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Water ................................................................................... 233

Leo M. L. Nollet

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

vi Contents

10. Determination of Ammonia in Water Samples......................................................................... 249

Juliana Antunes Galvão, Alexandre Matthiensen, Marília Oetterer, Y. Moliner-Martínez,

R. A. Gonzalez-Fuenzalida, M. Muñoz-Ortuño, R. Herráez-Hernández, J. Verdú-Andrés,

C. Molins-Legua, and P. Campíns Falcó

11. Nitrites and Nitrates..................................................................................................................... 283

Adnan Aydın

12. Phosphates in Aquatic Systems................................................................................................... 327

Alexandre Matthiensen, Juliana Antunes Galvão, and Marília Oetterer

Section VI Cyanides, Asbestos, Metals, and Si-Compounds

13. Cyanides........................................................................................................................................ 365

Leo M. L. Nollet

14. Asbestos in Water......................................................................................................................... 379

James S. Webber

15. Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements.......................................................................... 385

Jorge E. Marcovecchio, Sandra E. Botté, Claudia E. Domini, and Rubén H. Freije

16. Determination of Silicon and Silicates........................................................................................435

Salah M. Sultan

Section VII Organic Parameters

17. Main Parameters and Assays Involved with the Organic Pollution of Water ....................... 459

Lorena Vidal, Claudia E. Domini, and Antonio Canals

18. Determination of Organic Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment .......................................... 493

Juliana Antunes Galvão, Alexandre Matthiensen, and Marília Oetterer

19. Determination of Urea in Aquatic Samples................................................................................511

Juliana Antunes Galvão, Alexandre Matthiensen, and Marília Oetterer

20. Organic Acids................................................................................................................................521

Mercedes Gallego Fernández, Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo, and Beatriz Jurado Sánchez

21. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water ....................................................... 549

Iván P. Román Falcó and Marta Nogueroles Moya

Section VIII Phenolic and Humic Compounds

22. Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water ......................................................................613

Leo M. L. Nollet

23. Characterization of Humic Matter............................................................................................. 647

Leo M. L. Nollet

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contents vii

Section IX Residues of Pesticides

24. Determination of Pesticides in Water......................................................................................... 665

Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo

25. Analysis of Herbicide and Fungicide Residues in Waters........................................................ 697

N. Sridhara Chary, Maria Jose Gómez Ramos, and Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba

Section X Residues of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFS, and PAHs

26. Analysis of PCBs in Waters......................................................................................................... 765

L. Bartolomé, O. Zuloaga, and N. Etxebarria

27. PCDDs and PCDFs ...................................................................................................................... 789

Luigi Turrio-Baldassarri, Paola Pettine, and Laura Achene

28. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons......................................................................................... 807

Chimezie Anyakora

Section XI Surfactants and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analysis

29. Surfactants.................................................................................................................................... 825

Eva Pocurull and Rosa Maria Marcé

30. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analysis............................................................................................... 845

Iván P. Román Falcó

Section XII EDCs and Residues of Plastics

31. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products.............. 871

Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou

32. Residues of Plastics .......................................................................................................................917

Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou

Index...................................................................................................................................................... 943

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ix

Preface

The Handbook of Water Analysis, Third Edition, strives to provide the most comprehensive text

available in terms of the physicochemical and biological properties and analysis techniques of all types

of water.

Organized in sections, most chapters cover the physical, chemical, and other relevant properties of

a particular subset of water components, followed by a description of sampling, cleanup, extraction,

and derivatization procedures, and concluding with detection methods. Earlier techniques that are still

frequently in use are compared to recently developed protocols, and an outlook is provided on future

trends. Figures are incorporated to provide procedure flow charts and schematics concerning sampling

or analytical devices. Numerous tables categorizing methods according to type of component, origin of

the water sample, parameters and procedures used, and application range, facilitate the search for further

references.

Section I of the book lays out two crucial aspects besides the actual analysis procedures. Sound scien￾tific investigation starts with a sampling strategy designed to capture the real-world situation as closely

as possible, and ends with an adequate chemometrical and statistical treatment of the acquired data.

Section II summarizes health and environmental problems due to radionuclides in water and presents

new techniques for their determination.

Section III regarding organoleptical analysis of water acknowledges that ultimately the consumers of

drinking water have the final vote over its quality regarding odor, flavor, and color.

Water houses many organisms, of which the smallest may cause illness and produce toxic substances.

Section IV discusses bacteriological and algal analysis, as well as the occurrence and detection of marine

toxins.

Sections V through XII encompass harmful or toxic components originating from domestic, agricul￾tural, or industrial sources that can be found in different waters. Inorganic substances include nitrogen,

sulfur, phosphate, silica, and halogenated compounds, cyanides, (heavy) metals, and asbestos. Organic

compounds comprise organic nitrogen and acids, volatile and phenolic compounds, and humic mat￾ter. The main groups of anthropogenic polluting compounds are discussed: pesticides, PCBs, PCDDs,

PCDFS, PAHs, petroleum hydrocarbons, and surfactants.

Specific chapters in these sections are also dedicated to the challenging category of micropollut￾ants, such as endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutical and personal care products and plastic

residues.

This book aims to be a reference work for anybody learning about or carrying out water analysis, from

undergraduate and graduate students to scientific researchers and technicians in academic, governmen￾tal, industrial, or nonprofit sectors.

All contributors are international experts in their field of water analysis, whom we would like to thank

cordially for all their efforts.

This book is dedicated to three granddaughters, Fara, Fleur, and Kato, and two grandsons Naut and

Roel and two daughters, Hanne and Mona, for whom we wish that they can always enjoy fresh, clean

water in their lifetime.

It is far more impressive when others discover your good qualities without your help.

— Judith Martin

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

xi

Editors

Leo M. L. Nollet received an MS (1973) and a PhD (1978) in biology from the Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Nollet is the editor and associate editor of numerous books. He edited for Marcel

Dekker, New York—now CRC Press of Taylor & Francis Group—the first, second, and third editions of

Food Analysis by HPLC and Handbook of Food Analysis. The last edition is a three-volume book. He

also edited the Handbook of Water Analysis (first and second editions) and Chromatographic Analysis

of the Environment, third edition (CRC Press).

With F. Toldrá he coedited two books published in 2006 and 2007: Advanced Technologies for Meat

Processing (CRC Press) and Advances in Food Diagnostics (Blackwell Publishing—now Wiley). With

M. Poschl he coedited Radionuclide Concentrations in Foods and the Environment also published in

2006 (CRC Press).

Dr. Nollet coedited several books with Y. H. Hui and other colleagues such as the Handbook of

Food Product Manufacturing (Wiley, 2007), Handbook of Food Science, Technology and Engineering

(CRC Press, 2005), Food Biochemistry and Food Processing, first and second editions (Blackwell

Publishing—Wiley, 2006 and 2012), and Handbook of Fruits and Vegetable Flavors (Wiley, 2010).

He edited the Handbook of Meat, Poultry and Seafood Quality, first and second editions (Blackwell

Publishing—Wiley, 2007 and 2012).

From 2008 to 2011 he published five volumes with F. Toldrá in animal products–related books:

Handbook of Muscle Foods Analysis, Handbook of Processed Meats and Poultry Analysis, Handbook of

Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis, Handbook of Dairy Foods Analysis, and Handbook of Analysis

of Edible Animal By-Products. Also in 2011 with F. Toldrá he coedited two volumes for CRC Press:

Safety Analysis of Foods of Animal Origin and Sensory Analysis of Foods of Animal Origin. In 2012

Nollet and Toldrá published the Handbook of Analysis of Active Compounds in Functional Foods.

Coediting with Hamir Rathore, the book Handbook of Pesticides: Methods of Pesticides Residues

Analysis was marketed in 2009 and Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution in 2012.

Other completed book projects are Food Allergens: Analysis, Instrumentation, and Methods with A.

van Hengel (CRC Press, 2011) and Analysis of Endocrine Compounds in Food (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011).

Leen S. P. De Gelder is a professor of microbiology, biochemical technology, and environmental bio￾technology at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of Ghent University, Belgium. Her main research

interests include applied microbiology, microbial ecology, biodegradation and biological waste water

treatment. She received her MS in bioengineering (2002) from the University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

and her PhD in biology (2006) from the University of Idaho, Moscow, USA, and is the author or coauthor

of several peer-reviewed articles and conference abstracts.

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

xiii

Laura Achene

Istituto Superiore di Sanità

Rome, Italy

A. Alfonso

Department of Pharmacology

Campus de Lugo, USC

Lugo, Spain

Jorge S. Alvarado

Environmental Science Division

Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne, Illinois

Chimezie Anyakora

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

University of Lagos

Lagos, Nigeria

Adnan Aydın

Department of Chemistry

Marmara University

Istanbul, Turkey

L. Bartolomé

General Research Service

University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)

Bizkaia, Spain

A. M. Botana

Department of Analytical Chemistry

Campus de Lugo, USC

Lugo, Spain

Luis M. Botana

Department of Pharmacology

Campus de Lugo, USC

Lugo, Spain

Sandra E. Botté

Area de Oceanografia Quimica

Instituto Argentino de Oceanografia

(IADO-CONICET/UNS)

Casilla de Correo

Bahia Blanca, Argentina

Antonio Canals

Departamento de Química Analítica

Nutrición y Bromatología e Instituto

Universitario de Materiales

Universidad de Alicante

Alicante, Spain

N. Sridhara Chary

IMDEA-Water (Madrid Institute for Advanced

Studies-Water)

Cientifico de la Universidad de Alcala

Alcalá de Henares

Madrid, Spain

Paulinus Chigbu

Department of Natural Sciences

University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Princess Anne, Maryland

Claudia E. Domini

Departamento de Química

Universidad Nacional del Sur

Bahía Blanca, Argentina

N. Etxebarria

Department of Analytical Chemistry

University of the Basque Country

(UPV/EHU)

Biscay (Basque Country), Spain

Eleni Evgenidou

Department of Chemistry

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki, Greece

Iván P. Román Falcó

Department of Analytical Chemistry and

Food Sciences

University of Alicante

Alicante, Spain

P. Campíns Falcó

Departamento de Química Analítica

Universitat de Valencia

Valencia, Spain

Contributors

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

xiv Contributors

Mercedes Gallego Fernández

Department of Analytical Chemistry

University of Córdoba

Córdoba, Spain

Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba

IMDEA-Water (Madrid Institute forAdvanced

Studies-Water)

Cientifico de la Universidad de Alcala

Alcalá de Henares

Madrid, Spain

and

Pesticide Residue Research Group

University of Almería

Almería, Spain

Rubén H. Freije

Area de Oceanografia Quimica

Instituto Argentino de Oceanografia

(IADO-CONICET/UNS)

Casilla de Correo

Bahia Blanca, Argentina

Juliana Antunes Galvão

Department of Agri-Food Industry

University of São Paulo

São Paulo, Brazil

R. A. Gonzalez-Fuenzalida

Departamento de Química Analítica

Universitat de Valencia

Valencia, Spain

R. Herráez-Hernández

Departamento de Química Analítica

Universitat de Valencia

Valencia, Spain

Musawwer Khan

Department of Chemistry

Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh, India

Dimitra A. Lambropoulou

Department of Chemistry

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki, Greece

Riccardo Leardi

Department of Pharmacy

University of Genova

Genova, Italy

Matthias Liess

Department of System-Ecotoxicology

UFZ-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung

GmbH

Leipzig, Deutschland

C. Louzao

Department of Pharmacology

Campus de Lugo, USC

Lugo, Spain

Rosa Maria Marcé

Department of Analytical Chemistry and

Organic Chemistry

Universitat Rovira i Virgili

Tarragona, Spain

Jorge E. Marcovecchio

Area de Oceanografia Quimica

Instituto Argentino de Oceanografia

(IADO-CONICET/UNS)

Casilla de Correo

Bahia Blanca, Argentina

Alexandre Matthiensen

Department of Agri-Food Industry

University of São Paulo

São Paulo, Brazil

and

Embrapa-Brazilian Agricultural Research

Corporation

Embrapa Swine and Poultry

Santa Catarina, Brazil

Abdul Moheman

Department of Chemistry

Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh, India

Y. Moliner-Martínez

Departamento de Química Analítica

Universitat de Valencia

Valencia, Spain

C. Molins-Legua

Departamento de Química Analítica

Universitat de Valencia

Valencia, Spain

Munro Mortimer

National Research Centre for Environmental

Toxicology

The University of Queensland

Brisbane, Australia

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC