Hand book of driving simulation for engineering, medicine, and psychology

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C M Y CM MY CY CMY K

DRIVING SIMULATION

FOR ENGINEERING, MEDICINE,

AND PSYCHOLOGY

EDITED BY

DONALD L. FISHER • MATTHEW RIZZO

JEFF K. CAIRD • JOHN D. LEE

DRIVING SIMULATION FOR ENGINEERING,

MEDICINE, AND PSYCHOLOGY

To date, there has been no single, convenient and comprehensive source of information on the driving

simulation research being conducted around the world that can serve the needs of students, researchers,

and professionals. Nor has there been a single repository for information regarding the numerous challenges

that confront both new and experienced simulator users or the broader challenges that confront the entire

community. The Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology

addresses these challenges, bringing together discussions of technical, methodological, and statistical issues

in driving simulation with reviews of broad areas in which driving simulation is now playing a role and

discussions of the history, future, and international growth of driving simulation.

The chapters explore:

•Simulator hardware and software selection

•Validation of the simulator

•Visual database and scenario development

•Independent variables and dependent vehicle, psychological, and physiological variables

•Statistical and biostatistical analyses, including qualitative interviews and data reduction techniques

•Applications in psychology, engineering, and medicine

As a compilation of the research from more than 100 of the world's top researchers and practitioners, the

book covers basic and advanced technical topics and provides a comprehensive review of applications of

driving simulation in engineering, medicine, and psychology including evaluating roadway design, assessing

driver impairment, and evaluating key in-vehicle technologies. It describes a wide range of simulation

scenarios that can be used by novice and experienced users, as well as many tools and techniques that

can be used by those new to driving simulation. Color photographs of those scenarios and applications

and videos of the scenarios on an accompanying web site should prove essential for experienced researchers

and for those new to driving simulation.

ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN FACTORS

DRIVING SIMULATION FOR ENGINEERING,

MEDICINE, AND PSYCHOLOGY

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H A N D B O O K O F

H A N D B O O K O F

FISHER H A N D B O O K O F

•

RIZZO

•

CAIRD

•

LEE

DRIVING SIMULATION

FOR ENGINEERING, MEDICINE,

AND PSYCHOLOGY

H A N D B O O K O F

DRIVING SIMULATION

FOR ENGINEERING, MEDICINE,

AND PSYCHOLOGY

EDITED BY

DONALD L. FISHER • MATTHEW RIZZO

JEFF K. CAIRD • JOHN D. LEE

H A N D B O O K O F

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© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v

Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ ix

Editors........................................................................................................................................................... xi

Contributors ............................................................................................................................................... xiii

Section I Introduction

1 Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology: An Overview...........1-1

Donald L. Fisher, Jeff K. Caird, Matthew Rizzo and John D. Lee

2 A Short History of Driving Simulation ............................................................................................. 2-1

R. Wade Allen, Theodore J. Rosenthal and Marcia L. Cook

3 Using Driving Simulators Outside of North America ...................................................................... 3-1

Barry H. Kantowitz

4 The Future of Driving Simulation ..................................................................................................... 4-1

Peter A. Hancock and Thomas B. Sheridan

5 Twelve Practical and Useful Questions About Driving Simulation ................................................. 5-1

Jeff K. Caird and William J. Horrey

Section II Selecting a Driving Simulator

Selecting the System

6 Scenario Authoring ............................................................................................................................ 6-1

Joseph K. Kearney and Timofey F. Grechkin

7 Physical Fidelity of Driving Simulators..............................................................................................7-1

Jeffry Greenberg and Mike Blommer

8 Sensory and Perceptual Factors in the Design of Driving Simulation Displays.............................. 8-1

George J. Andersen

9 Psychological Fidelity: Perception of Risk ........................................................................................ 9-1

Thomas A. Ranney

10 Surrogate Methods and Measures.................................................................................................... 10-1

Linda S. Angell

Validating the System

11 Validating Vehicle Models ................................................................................................................11-1

Chris W. Schwarz

Contents

vi Contents

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

12 Cross-Platform Validation Issues .................................................................................................... 12-1

Hamish Jamson

13 Simulator Validity: Behaviors Observed on the Simulator and on the Road................................. 13-1

Nadia Mullen, Judith Charlton, Anna Devlin and Michel Bédard

Section III  Conduct of Simulator Experiments, Selection of Scenarios,

Dependent Variables, and Evaluation of Results

Simulator Sickness

14 Simulator and Scenario Factors Inf luencing Simulator Sickness....................................................14-1

Heather A. Stoner, Donald L. Fisher and Michael Mollenhauer, Jr.

Independent and Dependent Variables

15 Independent Variables: The Role of Confounding and Effect Modification ................................. 15-1

Gerald McGwin, Jr.

16 External Driver Distractions: The Effects of Video Billboards and Wind Farms on Driving

Performance ..................................................................................................................................... 16-1

Shaunna L. Milloy and Jeff K. Caird

17 Measuring Physiology in Simulators................................................................................................17-1

Karel A. Brookhuis and Dick de Waard

18 Eye Behaviors: How Driving Simulators Can Expand Their Role in Science and Engineering......................18-1

Donald L. Fisher, Alexander Pollatsek and William J. Horrey

19 Situation Awareness in Driving ....................................................................................................... 19-1

Leo Gugerty

Analyses of the Data

20 Simulator Data Reduction................................................................................................................ 20-1

Michelle L. Reyes and John D. Lee

21 Analytical Tools ................................................................................................................................21-1

Linda Ng Boyle

22 Statistical Concepts.......................................................................................................................... 22-1

Jeffrey D. Dawson

23 The Qualitative Interview................................................................................................................ 23-1

Jane Moeckli

Section IV Applications in Psychology

Experience and Maturity

24 Understanding and Changing the Young Driver Problem: A Systematic Review of Randomized

Controlled Trials Conducted With Driving Simulation................................................................. 24-1

Marie Claude Ouimet, Caitlin W. Duffy, Bruce G. Simons-Morton, Thomas G. Brown and Donald L. Fisher

25 The Older Driver (Training and Assessment: Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes).......................... 25-1

Karlene K. Ball and Michelle L. Ackerman

26 Methodological Issues When Conducting Research on Older Drivers.......................................... 26-1

Lana M. Trick and Jeff K. Caird

Contents vii

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Difficult Driving Conditions: Endogenous and Exogenous Factors

27 Profiles in Cell Phone-Induced Driver Distraction .........................................................................27-1

David L. Strayer, Joel Cooper and Frank A. Drews

28 Night Driving: How Low Illumination Affects Driving and the Challenges of Simulation ......... 28-1

Joanne Wood and Alex Chaparro

29 Driving in States of Fatigue or Stress.............................................................................................. 29-1

Gerald Matthews, Dyani J. Saxby, Gregory J. Funke, Amanda K. Emo and Paula A. Desmond

Training and Assessment: Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes

30 Driving Simulators as Training and Evaluation Tools: Novice Drivers......................................... 30-1

Alexander Pollatsek, Willem Vlakveld, Bart Kappé, Anuj K. Pradhan and Donald L. Fisher

31 The Commercial Driver ....................................................................................................................31-1

Myra Blanco, Jeffrey S. Hickman, Richard J. Hanowski and Justin F. Morgan

Simulators Used for Rehabilitation

32 Driving Rehabilitation as Delivered by Driving Simulation .......................................................... 32-1

Harsimran Singh, Brent M. Barbour and Daniel J. Cox

Section V Applications in Engineering

Transportation Engineering: Safety Improvements Outside the Vehicle

33 The Importance of Proper Roadway Design in Virtual Environments.......................................... 33-1

Douglas F. Evans

34 The Use of High-Fidelity Real-Time Driving Simulators for Geometric Design........................... 34-1

Thomas M. Granda, Gregory W. Davis, Vaughan W. Inman and John A. Molino

35 Traffic Signals .................................................................................................................................. 35-1

David A. Noyce, Michael A. Knodler, Jr., Jeremy R. Chapman, Donald L. Fisher and Alexander Pollatsek

36 Design and Evaluation of Signs and Pavement Markings Using Driving Simulators ................... 36-1

Susan T. Chrysler and Alicia A. Nelson

37 Advanced Guide Signs and Behavioral Decision Theory ................................................................37-1

Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos

38 Driving Simulation Design and Evaluation of Highway–Railway Grade and Transit Crossings...................38-1

Jeff K. Caird, Alison Smiley, Lisa Fern and John Robinson

39 Roadway Visualization..................................................................................................................... 39-1

Michael A. Manore and Yiannis Papelis

Telematics: Advanced Technologies Inside the Vehicle

40 Advanced Warning Technologies: Collision, Intersection Incursion ............................................ 40-1

Michael P. Manser

41 Adaptive Behavior in the Simulator: Implications for Active Safety System Evaluation ...............41-1

Johan Engström and Mikael Ljung Aust

Models of Driver Behaviors

42 Cognitive Architectures for Modeling Driver Behavior................................................................. 42-1

Dario D. Salvucci

viii Contents

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

43 Combining Perception, Action, Intention, and Value: A Control Theoretic Approach to

Driving Performance.........................................................................................................................43-1

John M. Flach, Richard J. Jagacinski, Matthew R. H. Smith and Brian P. McKenna

Section VI Applications in Medicine Drugs

44 Acute Alcohol Impairment Research in Driving Simulators.......................................................... 44-1

Janet I. Creaser, Nicholas J. Ward and Michael E. Rakauskas

45 Validity of Three Experimental Performance Tests for Predicting Risk of Cannabis-Induced Road

Crashes.........................................................................................................................................................................45-1

Jan G. Ramaekers, Manfred R. Moeller, Eef L. Theunissen and Gerold F. Kauert

Medical and Mental Disorders

46 Medical Disorders ............................................................................................................................ 46-1

Matthew Rizzo

47 Psychiatric Disorders and Driving Performance .............................................................................47-1

Henry Moller

48 Driving in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Stroke ................................................. 48-1

Ergun Y. Uc and Matthew Rizzo

49 Driving Simulation in Epilepsy and Sleep Disorders...................................................................... 49-1

Jon M. Tippin

Traumatic and Developmental Disabilities

50 Traumatic Brain Injury: Tests in a Driving Simulator as Part of the Neuropsychological

Assessment of Fitness to Drive ........................................................................................................ 50-1

Wiebo Brouwer, Rens B. Busscher, Ragnhild J. Davidse, Harie Pot and Peter C. van Wolffelaar

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix

The editors want to begin by acknowledging the very gener￾ous efforts of all of the many authors who contributed to the

Handbook, their patience with our several changes in format

along the way, and their unfailing good will when answering

our questions and responding to our suggested changes. We also

want to acknowledge up front someone without whose help this

Handbook may never have made it to the publisher. Tracy Zafian

gave hundreds of hours to the production of the Handbook, the

detailed formatting of the document, the search for long-lost ref￾erences, and the suggestion for more substantive changes. She

did this all while raising two young children. We simply cannot

thank her enough. Pamela Rivest has also devoted long hours to

the Handbook’s production, literally coming in on the weekends

when the deadline looked like it was going to prove the death of

the Handbook. We also want to acknowledge the help of Bobbie

Seppelt with the Handbook wiki, answering the same questions

for the tenth time with the same level of aplomb she did the first

time. Finally, we want to thank Cindy Carelli, Jill Jurgensen, and

Richard Tressider at CRC Press and Taylor & Francis and Rajesh

Gopalan at Amnet International who have helped us throughout

the production process.

Jeff Caird is grateful to Peter Hancock for tasking him to build

a driving simulator in 1989 as his first unsuspecting graduate stu￾dent at the University of Minnesota. His fourth driving simulator

was funded by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)

and operational support provided by the AUTO21 Network of

Centres of Excellence (NCE), among others. He is indebted to

all of his students who have taught him about torque motors,

A/D, C code, ethics, protocol, glance durations and p values

from innumerable driving simulation studies. John Lee would

like to thank his colleagues at the University of Iowa and the

National Advanced Driving Simulator for their constant flow

of interesting ideas and dedication to interesting research. He is

particularly grateful to all the students and staff he has worked

with who have done the hard work of operating and maintain￾ing the driving simulators. Matthew Rizzo is deeply grateful

to Annie, Ellie, and Frannie for their enduring support. Don

Fisher wants to thank Joe Goldstein, former Dean of the College

of Engineering, and Fred Byron, former Vice Chancellor for

Research at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, for their

support when he first purchased a driving simulator back in the

early 1990s, a half-million dollar leap of faith that seemed impos￾sible at the time. He also cannot thank enough the many gradu￾ate students, postdocs, and visiting scientists who have again

and again worked long hours into the night in order to keep the

experiments moving forward, especially when his late wife was

so sick. Their teamwork, good will and extraordinary dedication

to their work is evidenced in the many sponsors that have funded

research in this lab. Finally, he wants to thank Susan Alice Duffy,

Annie James Duffy Fisher and Jennifer Duffy Fisher for their

unfailing support and understanding of his peculiar work habits,

and Susan Taylor Haas for the joy which she has brought into his

life over these last five years, making it possible to move forward

on the Handbook when it would have so easy to let it slip.

We also need to acknowledge the many agencies with￾out whose support this Handbook would not have been pos￾sible. Grants to Jeff Caird from the Canadian Foundation for

Innovation and AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence sup￾ported infrastructure and research, respectively, which made

the University of Calgary Driving Simulator a Swiss Army knife

for several generations of students. Support from the Federal

Highway Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration, and the National Institutes of Health (NIA

R01 AG026027 and NIA RO1 AG 15071) have provided partial

support to John Lee and the graduate students who make so

many of the simulator-related developments possible. Matthew

Rizzo’s research has been supported by the National Institutes

of Health as well (RO1 AG 17707, NIA R01 AG026027 and NIA

RO1 AG 15071 and NHLBI RO1 HL091917). Grants from the

National Institutes of Health (1R01HD057153-01) and National

Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided partial support

to Donald Fisher.

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Acknowledgments

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xi

Dr. Donald L. Fisher, is the head of the Department of

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University

of Massachusetts Amherst, and the director of the Arbella

Insurance Human Performance Laboratory in the College

of Engineering. He has published over 150 technical papers,

including recent ones in the major journals in transportation,

human factors, and psychology. He is currently a principal or

co-principal investigator on over 10 million dollars of research

and training grants, including awards from the National

Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, MassDOT,

the Arbella Insurance Group Charitable Foundation, the State

Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, and the New

England University Transportation Center. He has served on

the editorial boards of the leading journals in human factors,

has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences Human

Factors Committee, chaired or co-chaired a number of TRB

workshops, and served as a member of both the joint National

Research Council and Institute of Medicine Committee on

the Contributions from the Behavioral and Social Sciences in

Reducing and Preventing Teen Motor Crashes and the State

Farm® Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Children’s

Hospital of Philadelphia Youthful Driver Initiative. Over the

past 15 years, Dr. Fisher has made fundamental contributions

to the understanding of driving, including the identification of

those factors that: increase the crash risk of novice and older

drivers; impact the effectiveness of signs, signals, and pavement

markings; improve the interface to in-vehicle equipment, such

as forward collision warning systems, back over collision warn￾ing systems, and music retrieval systems; and influence driv￾ers’ understanding of advanced parking management systems,

advanced traveler information systems, and dynamic message

signs. In addition, he has pioneered the development of both

PC-based hazard anticipation training (RAPT) and PC-based

attention maintenance training (FOCAL) programs, showing

that novice drivers so trained actually anticipate hazards more

often and maintain attention better on the open road and in

a driving simulator. This program of research has been made

possible by the acquisition in 1994 of more than half a mil￾lion dollars of equipment, supported in part by a grant from

the National Science Foundation. He has often spoken about

his results, including participating in a congressional science

briefing on the novice driver research sponsored several years

previous. Recently, the Human Performance Laboratory was

recognized by the Ergonomics Society, receiving the best paper

award for articles that appeared in the journal Ergonomics

throughout 2009. The paper described the work in the Human

Performance Laboratory on hazard anticipation. Dr. Fisher

received an AB from Bowdoin College in 1971 (philosophy), an

EdM from Harvard University in 1973 (human development),

and a PhD from the University of Michigan in 1982 (mathemat￾ical psychology).

Dr. Matthew Rizzo is professor of neurology, engineering,

and public policy at the University of Iowa. In neurology, he

is vice-chair for translational and clinical research, direc￾tor of the Division of Neuroergonomics (http://www.uiowa.

edu/~neuroerg/) and its laboratories, which include an inter￾active state of the art driving simulator (the SIREN) and two

instrumented vehicles (ARGOS and NIRVANA), a senior mem￾ber of the Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive

Neuroscience, and a senior attending physician in the Memory

Disorders Clinic. Dr. Rizzo also directs the University of

Iowa Aging Mind and Brain initiative. He has contributed to

many professional organizations and committees, including

the U.S. Federal Drug Administration’s Panel for Peripheral

and Central Nervous System Drugs, the National Academy

of Sciences Committee on Human-Systems Integration, and

was appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation to the

U.S. Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration’s Medical

Advisory Committee. He has advised the American Association

of Automobile Administrators, the American Academy of

Neurology, the states of California and South Carolina, and

the governments of Australia, Canada, and Sweden, on devel￾oping licensing guidelines for impaired drivers, is a founder

of the biannual Driving Assessment Symposium (http://driv￾ingassessment.uiowa.edu/), and has advised the U.S. Army

Research Laboratories on its neurosciences research program.

Dr. Rizzo has long-standing research grant support from the

U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention. Dr. Rizzo’s domains of research inter￾est are outlined in his recent books, Principles and Practice of

Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology (Rizzo and Eslinger

2004) and Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work (Parasuraman

and Rizzo 2007). He has also worked as a development executive

and science advisor at a New York City-based media company,

Editors

xii Editors

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

producing documentaries for major television venues. Dr. Rizzo

is a graduate of Columbia University in New York City and the

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Dr. Jeff K. Caird is a professor in the Department of Psychology

and an adjunct professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology, the

Departments of Anesthesia and Community Health Sciences

at the University of Calgary. In 1994, he received his PhD in

human factors from the University of Minnesota, where he is

still an affiliated faculty member of the Center for Cognitive

Science. He is director of the Cognitive Ergonomics Research

Laboratory and the University of Calgary Driving Simulator

(UCDS) funded by the Canadian Foundation for Innovation.

Most recently, he opened and currently directs the Healthcare

Human Factors and Simulation Laboratory in the Ward of the

21st Century Research and Innovation Centre. He is currently

co-leader of the Teen and Novice Driver Network that is part

of the AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence (NCE). He

has co-edited a number of books on human-machine systems

in addition to the Handbook of Driving Simulation. He was

awarded a Killam Fellowship to study traffic safety and the

Faculty of Social Sciences Distinguished Researcher Award.

His undergraduate and graduate students have won eight

national and international research awards. He is a member

of a number of national and international transportation and

healthcare committees in Canada, the United States, and the

Netherlands, including the National Academy of Sciences and

the Transportation Research Board. His broad areas of research

are in transportation and healthcare human factors with

research projects focusing on: older, teen, and novice drivers;

vulnerable road users; in-vehicle intelligent transportation sys￾tem evaluation and design; nomadic, integrated, and external

sources of driver distraction; patient and driving simulation;

perception, attention, and motor processes; ICU, surgery, and

emergency medicine system design; medical device evaluation;

pharmacy, chemotherapy, and anesthesia drug organization,

design and use; and interruptions and fatigue in healthcare.

Dr. John D. Lee is the Emerson Electric Professor in the

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the

University of Wisconsin, Madison, and director of the Cognitive

Systems Laboratory. Previously, he was a professor at the

University of Iowa and director of human factors research at

the National Advanced Driving Simulator. Before moving to

the University of Iowa, he was a research scientist at the Battelle

Human Factors Transportation Center for six years. He is a

co-author of the textbook, An Introduction to Human Factors

Engineering, and is the author or co-author of over 170 papers.

He recently co-edited the book, Driver Distraction: Theory,

Effects, and Mitigation. Support for this research includes grants

and contracts for basic and applied research from both govern￾ment and industry, including: the National Science Foundation,

the Office of Naval Research, the National Institutes of Health,

the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal

Highway Administration, Intel, Nissan, GM, and Honda.

His research focuses on the safety and acceptance of complex

human-machine systems by considering how technology medi￾ates attention. Specific research interests include trust in technol￾ogy, advanced driver assistance systems, and driver distraction.

He served on the National Academy of Sciences Committee on

human system integration, the committee on electronic vehicle

controls and unintended acceleration, and several other com￾mittees. He now serves on the editorial board of Cognitive

Engineering and Decision Making; Cognition, Technology and

Work; International Journal of Human Factors Modeling and

Simulation; and is the associate editor for the journals, Human

Factors and IEEE-Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. He received

the Ely Award for best paper in the journal Human Factors

(2002), and the best paper award for the journal Ergonomics

(2005). Both these papers addressed simulator-based evalua￾tion of collision warning systems. Dr. Lee received a BA in 1987

(psychology) and a BS in 1988 (mechanical engineering) from

Lehigh University, an MS in 1989 (industrial engineering), and

a PhD in 1992 (mechanical engineering) from the University of

Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xiii

Michelle L. Ackerman

Center for Research on Applied

Gerontology

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, Alabama

R. Wade Allen

Systems Technology, Inc.

Hawthorne, California

George J. Andersen

Department of Psychology

University of California, Riverside

Riverside, California

Linda S. Angell

Touchstone Evaluations, Inc.

Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan

Karlene K. Ball

Center for Research on Applied

Gerontology

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, Alabama

Brent M. Barbour

Department of Psychiatry &

Neurobehavioral Sciences

University of Virginia Health System

Charlottesville, Virginia

Michel Bédard

Centre for Research on Safe Driving

Lakehead University

Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

Myra Blanco

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University

Blacksburg, Virginia

Mike Blommer

Research and Advanced Engineering

Ford Motor Company

Dearborn, Michigan

Linda Ng Boyle

Department of Industrial and Systems

Engineering, and Department of Civil

and Environmental Engineering

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington

Karel A. Brookhuis

Department of Psychology

University of Groningen

Groningen, the Netherlands

Wiebo Brouwer

Department of Neurology

University Medical Center Groningen

Groningen, the Netherlands

Thomas G. Brown

Douglas Mental Health Research

Institute

Verdun, Quebec, Canada

Rens B. Busscher

Department of Neurology

University Medical Center Groningen

Groningen, the Netherlands

Jeff K. Caird

Cognitive Ergonomics Research

Laboratory

University of Calgary

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Alex Chaparro

Department of Psychology

Wichita State University

Wichita, Kansas

Jeremy R. Chapman

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering

University of Wisconsin–Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Judith Charlton

Accident Research Centre

Monash University, Clayton Campus

Victoria, Australia

Susan T. Chrysler

Human Factors Program

Texax Transportation Institute

College Station, Texas

Marcia L. Cook

Systems Technology, Inc.

Hawthorne, California

Joel Cooper

Texas Transportation Institute

Texas A & M University System

College Station, Texas

Daniel J. Cox

Department of Psychiatry &

Neurobehavioral Sciences

University of Virginia Health System

Charlottesville, Virginia

Janet I. Creaser

ITS Institute

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Ragnhild J. Davidse

SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research

Leidschendam, the Netherlands

Gregory W. Davis

Office of Safety Research and Development

Federal Highway Administration

McLean, Virginia

Contributors

xiv Contributors

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Jeffrey D. Dawson

Department of Biostatistics

The University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

Dick de Waard

Department of Psychology

University of Groningen

Groningen, the Netherlands

Paula A. Desmond

Department of Psychology

Southwestern University

Georgetown, Texas

Anna Devlin

Accident Research Centre

Monash University, Clayton Campus

Victoria, Australia

Frank A. Drews

Department of Psychology

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah

Caitlin W. Duffy

Northwestern University

Evanston, Illinois

and

National Institute of Child Health and

Human Development

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda, Maryland

Amanda K. Emo

Office of Safety Research and

Development

Federal Highway Administration

McLean, Virginia

Johan Engström

Volvo Technology Corporation/SAFER

Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre

Chalmers University of Technology

Göteborg, Sweden

Douglas F. Evans

DriveSafety, Inc.

Salt Lake City, Utah

Lisa Fern

San Jose State University Research

Foundation

U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics

Directorate

Moffett Field, California

Donald L. Fisher

Department of Mechanical and

Industrial Engineering

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Amherst, Massachusetts

John M. Flach

Department of Psychology

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

Gregory J. Funke

Department of Psychology

University of Cincinnati

Cinncinnati, Ohio

Thomas M. Granda

Federal Highway Administration (Retired)

McLean, Virginia

Timofey F. Grechkin

Department of Computer Science

The University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

Jeffry Greenberg

Research and Advanced Engineering

Ford Motor Company

Dearborn, Michigan

Leo Gugerty

Department of Psychology

Clemson University

Clemson, South Carolina

Peter A. Hancock

Institute for Simulation and Training

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

Richard J. Hanowski

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University

Blacksburg, Virginia

Jeffrey S. Hickman

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University

Blacksburg, Virginia

William J. Horrey

Liberty Mutual Research Institute for

Safety

Hopkinton, Massachusetts

Vaughan W. Inman

Science Applications International

Corporation

McLean, Virginia

Richard J. Jagacinski

Department of Psychology

The Ohio State University

Columbus, Ohio

Hamish Jamson

Institute for Transport Studies

University of Leeds

Leeds, United Kingdom

Barry H. Kantowitz

Department of Industrial and Operations

Research

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Bart Kappé

Netherlands Organization for Applied

Scientific Research, TNO

Soesterberg, the Netherlands

Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos

Max Planck Institute for Human

Development

Berlin, Germany

Gerold F. Kauert

Department of Forensic Toxicology

Goethe University of Frankfurt

Frankfurt, Germany

Joseph K. Kearney

Department of Computer Science

The University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

Michael A. Knodler, Jr.

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Amherst, Massachusetts

John D. Lee

Department of Industrial and Systems

Engineering

University of Wisconsin–Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Mikael Ljung Aust

Volvo Car Corporation/SAFER Vehicle

and Traffic Safety Centre

Chalmers University of Technology

Göteborg, Sweden