Graph nội dung - hình thức ôn tập nhằm bồi dưỡng năng lực hệ thống hóa, khái quát hóa cho sinh viên cao đẳng Sư phạm

GRAPH NDI DDNG - HINH THUC DN TAP NHAM DDI DUONG NANG IUG

H f THONG HOA, KHAI QUAT HOA CHD SINH VIEN CAD DANG SD PHAM

O TS. TRAN ANH TUAN - ThS. HOANG BA TH|NH*

He thdng hoa nhung kien thuc ca ban, trong

tam la de lam ndi bat mdi quan he logic

giua chung. Vai each nhin bien chung do,

hqc sinh (HS) duqc tqo thoi quen tiep can vdn de

mot each co he thdng; moi kien thuc la mot mdt

xich trong chudi kien thuc. Lap duqc quan he logic

giua cdc don vi kien thuc Id dd tqo duqc buc

tranh todn cdnh ve ndi dung duqc hqc, trdnh hien

tuqng thdy cdy md khdng thdy rung, thdy tung

van de nhd nhung khdng thdy tinh thdng nhdt

cua nd trong cdi todn the. Hinh thdnh vd phdt

trien d HS nhung kT ndng «hqc cdch hqc", tuc Id

nhung kT ndng giup HS tu hqc, ddp ung yeu cdu

vd thach thuc cua ngudn kien thuc ngdy cdng

phong phu. Ddy dang Id vdn de ddng quan tdm

cua nhieu nhd gido dye hqc trong nhiem vy ddi

mdi ndi dung vd phuong phdp day hqc (DH) hien

nay. De Idm tdt y tudng ndy vd tiep can vdi ndi

dung ddi mdi; chung tdi de xudt hinh thuc xdy

dyng graph noi dung - mdt hinh thuc dn tap,

hinh thdnh vd bdi dudng ndng lyc he thd'ng hod,

khdi qudt hod cho sinh vien (SV) cdc trudng cao

ddng su pham.

Graph cd nghTa Id dd thi. De hinh thdnh graph,

ta bieu diln ddi tuqng bdng cdc diem (gqi Id

dinh graph) vd mdi quan he giua chung bdng

cdc mui ten (gqi Id cqnh graph). Nhu vqy, tren

graph cd the diln td true quan cdc dd'i tuqng vd

mdi quan he giua chung, theo ddi duqc nhieu

dd'i tuqng trong mdi quan he bien chung vdi

nhau. Graph ndi dung DH Id sa dd phdn dnh

true quan tap hqp nhung kien thuc chdt (ca bdn,

can vd du) cua mdt nqi dung DH. De thyc hien

myc dich ndy, chung tdi chia thdnh 3 giai doqn

vdi 3 muc dd khdc nhau:

Muc dd 1: HS Idm quen vdi mdu graph.

Sau mdt ndi dung dan gian, cd the luqng kien

thuc khdng Idn Idm, gido vien (GV) lap graph

vdi myc dich giup HS cd khdi niem chung nhdt.

Cdc budc ca bdn de lap mdt graph noi dung:

Budc 7: Xdc dinh dinh cua graph, dd Id mdt so

chua mdt loqi tri thuc ca bdn. So dinh cung nhu

ndi dung dinh phy thudc vdo pham vi bao qudt

md myc dich cua ngudi lap graph xdc dinh. So

dinh cdng nhieu thi ndi dung duqc diln td cdng

cy the han vd graph cua chung ta gidng nhu mdt

cdy cd nhieu cdnh; Budc 2: Xdc djnh cqnh cua

graph: ndi cdc dinh vdi nhau bdng cdc mui ten

de diln td mdi quan he giua cdc dinh. Ddy Id

budc rdt quan trqng, Idm duqc viec ndy cung cd

nghTa Id ngudi hqc dd hieu rdt sdu sdc bdn chdt

logic cua van de; Budc 3: Hodn thien graph: sdp

xep, sua ddi de graph ndi dung duqc chdt che

hon; Budc 4: Thuyet minh graph bdng Idi.

De Idm mdu cho muc dd ndy chung tdi gidi

thieu mdt graph dudi ddy (xem graph 1):

Graph 1. Xdy dyng tap hgp sd ty nhien

Ban

so X

Muc do 2: SV lap graph dudi sy hudng

dan cua GV. Tren ca sd muc dd 1, de thyc hdnh

lap graph ndi dung, chung tdi giao chu de, pham

vi bao qudt cua chu de, kem theo mdt sd cdu hdi

gqi y de giup SV trong viec xdc djnh dinh vd

cqnh cua graph. Chdng hqn vdi bdi DH phep

nhdn d tieu hqc, chung tdi ra bdi tap: lap graph

ndi dung DH phep nhdn d tieu hqc, kem theo mot

sd cdu hdi gqi y nhu sau: Ndi dung chinh ve DH

phep nhdn d tieu hqc? Thyc hien phep nhdn gdm

* Truo ng cao dang sir pham Nghe An

Tap chi Giao due so 25 1 (ki i . 12/2010)