Giáo trình máy tính và mạng máy tính

GT.0000026745 CTHANG (Chu bien)

N TIEN DUNG

G I A O T R I N H

MAY TINH

MANG MAY TINH

TRUONG DAI HOC SU PHAM KY THUAT HUNG YEN

TS. P H A M N G Q C T H A N G (C hu b ien )

N G U Y fiN T I£ n d u n g

U IA O T K l i V I I

MAYljNHYAMANCMAYTINH

NHA XUAT BAN GlAO DUG VIET NAM

MUC LUC

Trang

l.dlNC'lDAU .................................................................................... 7

DANH vlUC CAC ru' VIH I' TAt ......................................................................... 9

Chirong 1

TONG QUAN HE THONG MAY TINH

II

MU'^ TIKIJ..................................................................................................

nOioung .......................................................................................

l .'.jCH SU PHA i TRIEN CUA h e THONG MAy TIn H.................

2. _'AC Tl lUAT NGU’ VA KHAI NIEM CO BAN..................................... 22

3. 1 HONG UN VA BIEU DIEN rilONG TIN I'RONG MAy TINH 23

4. iO I.IJOC CAC BO PHAN CUA HE- THONG MAy I INH.................. 49

5. ilOl I HIEIJ MOr SO PHAn MEM I'HONG DUNG DUNG

Clio MAY I INI!

CAl

.53

101 VA BAI l AP.................................................................................... ..

Chiro’ng 2

KEEN TRUC CPU CUA MAy TINH

MUU'IEU................................................................................................ 5jj

NQI HJNG................................................................................

'* I. S.J I lEN IIOA CUA CAc BO VI XU'LY INTEI.................................... 58

2. CUJ I u U c C P U ........................................................................................................ ..

3. I\P CAc I IIANII Gill CUA VI XU'LY................................................ 66

4. C\C PHUONG PHAp QUAN I.Y 130 NllO...........................................70

5. CAC PHU'ONG PHAp DINH D|A CHI...................................................72

6. \A IIOA LENH............................................................................................

7. I\P LENH VI XU'LY 8086....................................................................[^js

cAu 101 vA bAi lap............................................................................'.''!.l86

Chirong 3

130 NHO VA CAC THIET BE NGOAl VI

MUC lEU....................................................................

NOl CJNG....................................................................

3.1. ki;n iruc he iiiong n h O m Ay vi riNii.

.88

.88

.88

g iAo t r Inh mAy tInh vA mang may t Inh

3.2. HiJ l IlONG VAO/RA..............................................................................i 16

3.3. GUKP NOI 'I'llll-'l B! NGOAI VI............................................................ 126

3.4. MOT SCVnilFi r B! NGOAI VI................................................................ 139

CAU HOI VA bAi TAP.............................................. ^..................................145

Chiro’ng 4

GIOI THIEU VE MANG m Ay TINH v A MANG INTERNET

MUCriElJ.........................................................................................................147

NOI d u ng .........................................................................................................147

4.1. KHAi NIEM VE MANG mAy TI'NH...................................................... 147

4.2. CAC THANH PHAn m a n g ....................................................... 153

4.3. GIAO THUG VACAC MOIIINII DjCH V lj.........................................169

4.4. CAU I RUC MANG INTERNE'!'..............................................................186

cAu 1101 vA b Am Ap.................................................................................... 190

Chirong 5

CAC UNG DUNG MANG

MUC riElJ.........................................................................................................192

NOI d u ng .........................................................................................................192

5.1. NGUYEN LY IIOAT DONG CUA CACGIAO HIUC e6 p

UNG d u n g ............................................................................................... 192

5.2. CAC CIIU'ONG rRiNII UNG DUNG..................... T.........................202

cA u HOI vA bAi tap....................................................................................235

Chiro’ng 6

LOP tr u y En t Ai

MUC riEU........................................................................................................ 237

NOI d u ng ........................................................................................................ 237

6.1. CAC D!CH VU vA NGUYEN LY CO BAN I RONG

LCP I RUYEN I'Al...................................................................................237

6.2. PHU'ONG I HUC TRUYEN dAn KHONG KET NOI UDP............... 243

6.3. PHU'ONG TIIU'C TRUYEN dAn CO KET NOI TCP..........................247

6.4. DIEU KHIEN LUONG I RONG TCP......................................................262

6.5. DIEU KHIEN LOI.....................................................................................263

CAU HOI VA bAi tap....................................................................................264

MUC LUC

Chirong 7

1.01' MAN(; VA CAC I'llLIONG PHAP DINII TUYEN

• M lC I I L r .............................................................................................. ^^5

• N(.)l ............................................................................................. 265

7 i. c m C'NAnG I.OPMANG IRONCi MOIliNII PHAN l.Ol'..............265

7.2. (ilAO m u'c l.ll'iN .MANG II'.............................................................. 271

7 5 ( jIAO n i c e PI IAN GIAI DIA Gill....................................................... 291

7 1 GIAO n i c e rilONG DICP Dice KtllCN IN I liRNi; P ICMP.......... 293

7.5. CilAO n i c e DINII IIJYCN........................................................... 294

7.6. ROCTI'.R................................................................................ ............... 3,2

C Al IIOI \ A HAI CAP......................................................................... 3-,^

Chiro ng 8

MANC; c u e BO - MANG LAN

• M ce n e e ........................................................................... 3^g

• NOI DI NG........................................................................... 30y

8.1 D.AG I Rl i'N(j eCA MANG CCe MO................................................... 329

8.2. KICN I RCe MANG CUC B(>...................’............................................ 331

8.3. GAG PIICONG PIIAP I RUY CAP DUONG I RUYCN.................... ,335

8.4. GONG NGIIC .MANG GUG MO - CAN................................................ 356

8.5. GAG 11 lie I Ml MANG I.AN............................................................... 372

8.6. GONG NGIIC MANG DICN RONG WAN........................... 380

GAU HOI VA MAI TAP................................................................................. 397

DANH MC'G l AI I leiJ THAM KHAO..................................................................398

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J l c f i n o L ^ d u

1 y ± lai nfiiiyen va cho phep giao Hep trirc liiyChi (online) cung nhu

LUL I'rng clung chi phmrng lien Iren mang. Tai ngiiyen gom c6 tai nguyen

plum mem ich'r lieu, chmrng Irinh I'rng dung...) vci led nguyen phdn cirng

imeiy in. mciy cpiel. C D-ROM...). Giao Hep iruc luyen bcio gom girl vet nhcjn

ihong cliep. line dien Hr... Ccjc irng dung daphirang Hen co ih^ Idphe/l lhanh.

iruyen liinh. dien ihocii qua mqng. hen iheio Irirc tuySn. nghe nhqc. xemphim. ..

Sir kel herp cua may Hnh vdi ceic he Iheing Iruyen ihong del Iqo ra ciwc

each mgng irong vein d6 Id chirc khai ihdc vd sir dung he ihdng may Hnh.

Md hinh lap Hung di/ei Iren may Hnh ion dirge I hay ih i heri md hinh ede may

I mil don le chre/e ked ndi led de cling ihtrc hien edng viec. hinh Ihdnh mdi

irircrng Idm vice nhieu ngirr'd .sir dung phein kin. cho phep ming cao hieu qua

khai ihac idi nguyen chiing iir nhi'rng 17 iri dia ly khde nhau. Cue he ihdng

nhir ihe dircrc ggi Id mgng mdy Hnh.

I cri sir pheil irien cua khoa hoc vd ky ihiieil hien nay. ede he ihdng mgng

may imh eld phdl Irien mdl each nhanh chdng vd da dgng cei vQ quy md. he

dieii hdnh vd irng dung. Do vgy. viec nghien ci'ru de vein hdnh. khai ihdc

tilling ngc'iy edng ire/ nen phirc Igp. Tuy nhien. ede mgng mdy Hnh cd cling

ciic diem cluing, ihdng qua dd chiing la cd ih^ khao seil. phdn logi vd deinh

gid chiing.

Gieio trillh Mdy tilth vd Mang mdy tinh Id mdl Irong ede ciidn sdeh ciia

hg sdeh Dien - Dien tir do lap ihe giang vien Khoa Dien - Di^n Hr. Trirdng

Dgi hgc Sir phgm Ky ihueil Ilirng Yen hien sogn direi Iren kinh nghiem giang

dgy vd nghien ci'ni Irong nhi'rng ndm qua. Ndi dung chinh ciiei ciidn sdeh

nheim cung ceip cho sinh vien nhirng kien ihirc vd kidn Iruc mdy linh. ede ky

ndng ihiel ke. can hinh vd quern Iri he ihdng mgng LAN. Day cd ihe xem Id

nhirng kien ihirc nen Icing, quan Irgng cho ede quan In vien ve he ihdng

mgng mdy imh. Chinh vi vdy. ciidn .sdeh con id ngiidn Idi lieu I ham kheio

him ich cho ede .sinh vien chiiyen ngdnh Cdng nghe ihdng Hn. Ky Ihueil mdy

Hnh vd nhirng ngireri dang Idm edng tdc ky ihudi Irong iTnh virc Dien. Dien

Hr vd Tin hoc.

8

giAo trInh mAy tInhvA mang may t(nh

Scich duac hiC'ii sogn ciia such nay nhcim miw dich ham sal mac lieu eiia

hoc phcin. ncn sail moi phdn ly ihuyel deu c6 tdc vi dii cu I he de }>iup nyiriri

hoc hieii ra vein d l ede he ihimy. can hoi vd hdi lap ciidi chmmy, y.iup ngudi

hoe he I hong Igi rd ndm elide kien ihire. Cde vi dii. bai lap deu da dime kieni

nghiCpn ihdng qua ede hdi ihire hank th'i nghiem. se rdl ed ieh cho ngm'ri

hoe Irong qud irinh lain vice ihire le.

\()i dung eua eiidn sdeh gdm 8 ehmmg:

Chuong 1. Tong quan he ihdng mdy linh.

Chu’o’ng 2. Kien inie CPU eua indy linh.

Chu'ong 3. Bd nhd vd ede ihiel hi ngogi vi.

Chu'ong 4. Gicri ihieii ve ingng indy linh vd Inlernel.

Chuong 5. Cde irng dung ingng.

Chu’ong 6. Lap Iriiyen lai.

Chirong 7. Lap iiigng vd ede phicang phdp dinh liiyen.

Chuong 8. Mgng eue bd - ingng LAN.

Trong qud Irinh bien sogn eiidn sdeh nay. ehiing idi dd lhain khao indl

,v(5 hrgng Urn idi lieu. kl>t qua nghien eiru eua nhieu ide gia Irong vd ngodi

nude. Cluing idi xin ehdn ihdnh earn an ede ea quan. id ehiie, ede Ide gia

vdi iihung ihdng lin dd dirge Irieh dan Irong eudn sdeh. Tiiy nhien. do dieii

kien ihdi gian gdp nil nen nhdin ide gia khdng the gap he! ede ide gia de xin

phep. Rdl inong dirge ede ide gia lirgng ihi'r.

( 'hiing Idi xin ehdn ihdnh earn an ede nhd khoa hoe. ede giang vien. ede

ddng nghiep a H ong vd ngodi irirdng dd ed nhieu y kien ddng gdp quy hdu

eho nhdin ide gia irong qiid irinh bien sogn.

Ndi dung eudn sdeh dd dirge dimg Idin Idi lieu giang dgy eho ede lap

Dgi hoe vd ( 'ao ddng Irong nliieu ndin vd dd qua nhieu kin egp nhdi. ehinh

.Sira. Tuy vgv. eudn sdeh khd Irdnh khoi nhirng ihieii sdl. Cluing Idi rdl inong

nhdn dirge nhi'rng y kidn ddng gdp eua ede ddng nghiep yd bgn doe de kip

ihdi ehinh sira. ho sung eho Idn idi ban sau. Mgi y kien xin giri ve Khoa

Dien - Dien lir. Trirdng Dgi hoe Sir phgin Ky ihugl flung )en.

CACTACCdA

DANH MUC CAC TU’ V|£T TAT

Til’ viet t it Chii thich Y nghia

Acc User Account User Tai khoan ngu’d’i dung

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line

OLTong thue bao b it d6i xiimg -

ket noi bang thong rong

ASCII American Standard Code for

Information Interchange

Bo ma chuan cua My dung de

trao doi thong tin

BCD Binary Coded Decimal Bang m§ so BCD

BIOS Basic Input/Output He thing nhap/xuat ccr so

BIU Bus Interface Unit Don vi giao tiip BUS

CMD Command Dong lenh de thi/c hien mot

choong trinh nao do

CPU Central Processing Unit Don vi xo ly trung tarn

DNS Domain Name System He thing phin giai ten mien

thanh IP va ngooc lai

E-Mail Electronic Mail He thing tho diin to

FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thifc truyin tai file

HDD Har Disk Driver 0 dia cirng

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Giao thoc truyen tai file dodi

dang siiu vSn ban

I/O Input/Output Cing suit nhSp

1C Intergrated Circuit Mach tich hop

IDE Integrated Development

Enviroment

Chuan tich hop mach dieu khien

i dTa

IEEE Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers

Viin Ky nghi diin va diin ti>

LAN Local Area Network Mang m iy tinh cue b i

10 giAo trInh mAy tInhvA mang mAy tInh

TCf v ilt t i t Chu thich Y nghla

MAC Media Access Control Kha nSng k it noi d ting v$t ly

NIC Network Interface Card Card giao tiep mang

OSI Open System Interconnection M6 hinh Ii6n ket h$ thing mo -

chuin hoA qu6c te

PC Program counter B6 dem chu’O'ng trinh

POP Post Office Protocol Giao thirc vSn phdng, dung de

nhAn Mail tu' Mail Server

RAM Random Access Memory BO nhO truy cAp ngiu nhiOn

ROM Read Only Memory BO nhd chi doc

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Giao thirc truyen file dcm gian

dung d i nh$n Mail ti> Mail Client

den Mail Server

TCP/IP Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol

Giao thirc mang

URL Uniform Resource Locator Dung de dinh nghia mOt Website,

lA dich cua mOt liOn ket

USB Universal Serial Bus Chuin truyen du’ lifeu cho BUS

(thiOt bj) ngogi vi.

UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair) COp xoin dOi - dung de ket nOi

mang thOng qua dau nOi RJ45

VLSM Variable-Length Subnet Mask Mat na mang con c6 chieu dai

thay doi

WAN Wide Area Network Mang may tinh diOn rOng

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity Ky thuat mang khOng day

WWW World Wide Web HO thong Web diOn rOng todn ciu

Chuong 1

TONG QUAN HE THONG MAy HNH

MUC TIEU

Sau khi hoc xong chuvng n^y. ngcf&i hgc:

Hieu du'P'C l!ch si> ph^t trien cua h§ thong m^y tinh, cung nhu- xu hud^ng

phat tnen cua thdng m^y tinh. NSm vOng c^c kh^i ni$m co ban li§n

quan d§n c^c h0 thong so du’pc dung trong may tinh. Thanh thao c^c thao

t^c bi4n doi so gifra cac h$ thong so.

'k N3m du'p’c ciu true cua h6 thong mdy tinh, ceic thu^t ngO va kh^i ni6m co

ban cua hS thong mSy tinh

Biet du-gc c^ch bieu diSn thSng tin trong mdy tinh vd y nghia cua m0t s6

phan mem thfing dung

Nhan biSt, kiem tra, si>a chu-a hong hbc m6t so bO ph0n cua h0 thong m0y

tinh vd cdi ddt h0 dieu hanh Window XP

NOI DUNG

1.1. Lich si> phdt then cua h$ th6ng mdy tinh.

1.2. cac thuat ngO’ va khai ni0m co ban.

1.3. Th6ng tin vd bieu di§n thdng tin trong mdy tinh.

1.4. So logc ede b0 phdn cua hd thong mdy tinh.

1.5. Gidi thidu mdt s6 phdn mem thdng dung diing cho mdy tinh.

Cdu hoi vd bdi tdp

1.1. UCH S(y PHAT TR|£N CUA HE TH6NG MAY TINH

Sir phal tricn ciia may tinh dugc mo ta dira tren sir ticn bo ciia cac cong

nghc che tao cac linh kien co ban cua may tinh nhir: vi xir ly, bo nho,

ngoai vi...

12 giAo trInh mAy tInhvA mang may tInh

M a\ linh dicn Ur s6 Irai qua nam the he lien tiep. Vice chuyen tir the he

Irude sang the he sau duqe dae trirng bang su lhay doi ea ban \ e eong nghe.

• The he 1: May linh dimg den chan khong (I'aainwi Tube)

(1940- 1956).

• The he 2: May linh dung Transitor (1956 - 1963).

• The he 3: May linh dung mach lieh hryp 1C {Inler^raled ( irciiil)

(1963 - 1971).

• The he 4: May linh diing mach lich hop cure Ian VLSI (1 V/ v /.a/ge

Scale Imcr^ration) (1971 den nay).

• The he 5: May linh su dung Iri luc nhan lao (lir ngay nay den sau nay).

Hinh 1.1. Mdy linh ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

(Mdy tinh th4 h$ 1)

1.1.1. May tinh th§ he 1

a) May tinli ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

De -\u4l nam 1943 va hoan lhanh nam 1946, duqe su dung den nan

1956, bm lhay iro l-lckerl va Mauchly - Lruemg dai hoc Pcnnsylvana cua My.

Chi/(Jng 1. t6 nG QUAN Vf MANG MAY T(NH I

Dac (Jicm chinh:

- Nang 30 tan. chiC'in dicn ti'cli klioang 150m" va sii dung 140KW/h.

- 5000 ngliin phep cpng trcn giay.

- Su dung he lhap phan.

- l.ap trinh bang cong tac.

- Sir dung 18000 bong den dicn Hi (vucumm mhes).

b) May tilth IAS (Institute fo r Advanced Studies)

Xay dung dua trcn y tuong ciia Turring (My) va Von Neumann (Anh

1 hict kc niim 1047 va hoan thanh nam 1952.

Vao giua nhung nam 50 cua thd ky XX. khi nhung thd he may tinh da

tien diroc dua vao boat dong thuc te, v6i nhung bong den dien tu thi chtin

ec) kich ihuoc rat cong kenh va ton nhicu nang luong. 116i do vice nhap d

lieu vao cae may tinh dupe thong qua cac lam bia ma nguai viet chuan

irinh da due 16 san. Moi tarn bia tuong duong voi mot dong lenh ma me

mot ept ciia no eo chua tat ca eac ky tu can thict ma nguai vict chuang trini

phai due 16 vao ky tu minh lira chon. Cae tarn bia dupe dua vao mot "thie

hi gpi la thict bi doc bia ma qua do cac th6ng tin dupe dua vao may tini

(hay con gpi la trung tarn xu ly), va sau khi tinh toan k6t qua se dupe dua r;

may in.

***'9**** 9

f i <««<<

Hinh 1.2. MIcral (Phdp) mdy vi tinh ISp rpp hoan toan d iu tiPn