Encyclopedia of database technologies and applications

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Acquisitions Editor: Renée Davies

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Copyright © 2006 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in

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Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or

companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of database technologies and applications / Laura Rivero, Jorge Doorn and Viviana Ferraggine, editors.

p. cm.

Summary: "This encyclopedia will be a collection of diverse topics related to databases, providing an overview not only of the

state of the art of classical subjects but also clear and concise explanations of the latest technology, its practical applications and

research directions"--Provided by publisher.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-59140-560-2 (hardcover) -- ISBN 1-59140-795-8 (ebook)

1. Database management--Encyclopedias. I. Rivero, Laura, 1956- II. Doorn, Jorge H., 1946- III. Ferraggine, Viviana, 1961-

QA76.9.D3E624 2005

005.74'03--dc22

2005004545

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set

are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

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Robert Laurini, LIRIS, France

Christine Parent, Universite de Lausanne, Switzerland

Makoto Takizawa, Tokyo Denki University, Japan

Aziz Barbar, American University College of Science & Technology, Lebanon

Jaroslav Pokorny, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic

M. Tamer Özsu, University of Waterloo, Canada

Alejandro Buchmann, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Alexander Osterwalder, Institut d’Informatique et Organisation (INFORGE), Switzerland

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Abidin, Taufik / North Dakota State University, USA

Aldana-Montes, José F. / University of Malaga, Spain

Ale, Juan M. / Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Aleman-Meza, Boanerges / University of Georgia, USA

Alhajj, Reda / University of Calgary, Canada

Alonso-Jiménez, José A. / Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

Arpinar, I. Budak / University of Georgia, USA

Artz, John M. / The George Washington University, USA

Asprey, Len / Practical Information Management Solutions Pty Ltd., Australia

Badia, Antonio / University of Louisville, USA

Bagui, Sikha / University of West Florida, USA

Balsters, H. / University of Groningen, The Netherlands

Banaei-Kashani, Farnoush / University of Southern California, USA

Baumann, Peter / International University Bremen, Germany

Berberidis, Christos / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Borges, Karla A. V. / Empresa de Informática e Informação do Município de Belo Horizonte and Universidade

Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Borrego-Díaz, Joaquín / Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

Bose, Indranil / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Bounif, Hassina / Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland

Buccella, Agustina / Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina

Buchmann, Alejandro / Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Bussler, Christoph / Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI), Ireland

Camolesi, Jr., Luiz / Methodist University of Piracicaba, Brazil

Cannataro, Mario / Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy

Cartelli, Antonio / University of Cassino, Italy

Cechich, Alejandra / Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina

Chang, Shi Kuo / University of Pittsburgh, USA

Chávez, Edgar / Universidad Michoacana, Mexico

Chávez-González, Antonia M. / Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

Chen, Yangjun / University of Winnipeg, Canada

Chen, Zhengxin / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA

Cheng, Reynold / Purdue University, USA

Chengalur-Smith, InduShobha / University at Albany, USA

Cilia, Mariano A. / Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany and UNICEN, Argentina

Cluet, Sophie / INRIA Rocquencourt-Xyleme S.A., France

Corral, Antonio / University of Almeria, Spain

Costagliola, Gennaro / Università di Salerno, Italy

Curti, Hugo J. / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Dadashzadeh, Mohammad / Oakland University, USA

Davis, Jr., Clodoveu A. / Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais and Empresa de Informática e Informação

do Município de Belo Horizonte, Brazil

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Decker, Hendrik / Instituto Tecnológico de Informática, Spain

Deshpande, Prasad M. / IBM Almaden Research Center, USA

Deufemia, Vincenzo / Università di Salerno, Italy

Dholakia, Nikhilesh / University of Rhode Island, USA

Ding, Qiang / Concordia College, USA

Diskin, Zinovy / SWD Factory, Latvia and Universal Information Technology Consulting, USA

Dunn, Cheryl L. / Grand Valley State University, USA

Englebert, Vincent / University of Namur, Belgium

Faïz, Sami / National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Tunisia

Fernandez Ausinaga, José Luis / Pop-Vision Company, Argentina

Ferri, Fernando / Instituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali, Italy

Fiege, Ludger / Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Flesca, Sergio / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy

Frank, Lars / Copenhagen Business School, Denmark

Fulton, James A. / The Boeing Company, USA (Retired)

Furfaro, Fillippo / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy

Gabillon, Alban / IUT de Mont de Marsan, France

Gaffar, Ashraf / Concordia University, Canada

Galitsky, Boris / Birkbeck College University of London, UK

González Císaro, Sandra Elizabeth / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Grabski, Severin V. / Michigan State University, USA

Greco, Sergio / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy

Green, Rolf / OneView Pty Ltd., Australia

Gupta, P. / Indian Institute of Technology, India

Hainaut, Jean-Luc / University of Namur, Belgium

Halaschek-Wiener, Christian / University of Georgia, USA

Haraty, Ramzi A. / Lebanese American University, Lebanon

Henrard, Jean / REVER S.A., Belgium

Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA

Hernandez-Orallo, Jose / Technical University of Valencia, Spain

Hick, Jean-Marc / REVER S.A., Belgium

Horiuchi, Catherine / Seattle University, USA

Ibrahim, Hamidah / Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Irún-Briz, Luis / Instituto Tecnológico de Informática, Spain

Kadish, Boris / SWD Factory, India

Kaushik, A.K. / Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, India

Kersten, Martin / Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, The Netherlands

Khan, Sharifullah / National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan

Kincses, Zoltán / Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Hungary

Klassen, Chris / University of Dallas, USA

Kontaki, Maria / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Koutrika, Georgia / University of Athens, Greece

Kulikowski, Juliusz L. / Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAS, Poland

Laender, Alberto H. F. / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Lee, Choongseok / Korea Polytechnic University, Korea

Lee, Heeseok / Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, korea

Leong, Hong Va / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Ma, Z.M. / Northeastern University, China

Maamar, Zakaria / Zayed University, UAE

Mahmoudi, Khaoula / High School of Communications-Tunis (SUPCOM), Tunisia

Manegold, Stefan / CWI, The Netherlands

Mani, Murali / Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA

Manolopoulos, Yannis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Marjomaa, Esko / University of Joensuu, Finland

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Martínez-González, Mercedes / Universidad de Valladolid, Spain

Meixner, Matthias / Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Middleton, Michael / Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Muñoz-Escoí, Francesc D. / Instituto Tecnológico de Informática, Spain

Navarro, Gonzalo / University of Chile, Chile

Navas-Delgado, Ismael / University of Malaga, Spain

Neely, M. Pamela / Rochester Institute of Technology, USA

Nigro, Héctor Oscar / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Nørvåg, Kjetil / Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

Pandya, Anil / Northeastern Illinois University, USA

Papadopoulos, Apostolos N. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Parker, Shin / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA

Pawlak, Zdzislaw / Polish Academy of Sciences and Warsaw School of Information Technology, Poland

Perrizo, William / North Dakota State University, USA

Ping, Wang / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Pinheiro, Francisco A. C. / Universidade de Brasília, Brazil

Pires Vieira, Marina Teresa / Methodist University of Piracicaba, Brazil

Polat, Faruk / Middle East Technical University, Turkey

Polese, Giuseppe / Università di Salerno, Italy

Polkowski, Lech / Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology and University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland

Porta, Gaspar / Carthage College, USA

Prabhakar, Sunil / Purdue University, USA

R., Manjunath / Bangalore University, India

Rafanelli, Maurizio / Instituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica “A. Ruberti”, Italy

Raisinghani, Mahesh S. / Texas Woman’s University, USA

Ramasamy, Karthikeyan / Juniper Networks, USA

Rodríguez Brisaboa, Nieves / Universidade da Computación, Spain

Rodríguez-Tastets, M. Andrea / University of Concepción and University of Chile, Chile

Roland, Didier / REVER S.A., Belgium

Roldán-García, María del Mar / University of Malaga, Spain

Rossi, Gustavo H. / Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina

Roussos, George / University of London, UK

Samoladas, Ioannis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Schmidt, Albrecht / Aalborg University, Denmark

Schreiber, Zvi / Unicorn Solutions Inc., USA

Schwartz, David G. / Bar-Ilan University, Israel

Sebastiani, Fabrizio / Università di Padova, Italy

Seffah, Ahmed / Concordia University, Canada

Sellis, Timos / National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Serazi, Masum / North Dakota State University, USA

Shahabi, Cyrus / University of Southern California, USA

Shan, Mok Wai / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Shi, Yong / University of Manitoba, Canada

Shing, Wong Ka / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Shing, Yip Yee / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Simitsis, Alkis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Singh, Richa / Indian Institute of Technology, India

Sirangelo, Cristina / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy

Skowron, Andrzej / Warsaw University, Poland

Sowe, Sulayman K. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

St.Amant, Kirk / Texas Tech University, USA

Stamelos, Ioannis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Stuckenschmidt, Heiner / Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Suh, Woojong / Inha University, Korea

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Tin, Chan Lit / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Tortora, Genny / Università di Salerno, Italy

Tradigo, Giuseppe / Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy

Tribunella, Thomas / Rochester Institute of Technology, USA

Trubitsyna, Irina / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy

Tzanis, George / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Tzouramanis, Theodoros / University of the Aegean, Greece

Uz Tansel, Abdullah / Bilkent University, Turkey

Vargas-Solar, Genoveva / National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France

Vassilakopoulos, Michael / TEI of Thessaloniki, Greece

Vassiliadis, Panos / University of Ioannina, Greece

Vatsa, Mayank / Indian Institute of Technology, India

Veltri, Pierangelo / Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy

Vlahavas, Ioannis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Vodislav, Dan / CNAM Cedric-Lab, Paris, France

Wai, Shiu Ka / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Wang, Baoying / North Dakota State University, USA

Windhouwer, Menzo / Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, The Netherlands

Xodo, Daniel / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Zarri, Gian Piero / University of Paris IV/Sorbonne, France

Zelasco, José Francisco / UNBA, Argentina and UNCPBA, Argentina

Zendulka, Jaroslav / Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

Zhang, Yanpu / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA

Zoumboulakis, Michael / University of London, UK

Zumpano, Ester / DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy

Zwick, Detlev / York University, Canada

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Active Database Management Systems / Mariano A. Cilia .......................................................................................... 1

Active Federated Database Systems / Genoveva Vargas-Solar .................................................................................... 5

Advanced Query Optimization / Antonio Badia............................................................................................................. 11

Applying Database Techniques to the Semantic Web / María del Mar Roldán-García, Ismael Navas-Delgado,

and José F. Aldana-Montes ....................................................................................................................................... 18

Benchmarking and Data Generation in Moving Objects Databases / Theodoros Tzouramanis .................................... 23

Bioinformatics Data Management and Data Mining / Boris Galitsky ............................................................................ 29

Biological Data Mining / George Tzanis, Christos Berberidis, and Ioannis Vlahavas................................................. 35

Biometric Databases / Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, P. Gupta, and A.K. Kaushik ........................................................ 42

Business Rules in Databases / Antonio Badia ............................................................................................................... 47

Business-to-Business Integration / Christoph Bussler .................................................................................................. 54

CASE Tools for Database Engineering / Jean-Luc Hainaut, Jean Henrard, Jean-Marc Hick, Didier Roland,

and Vincent Englebert ............................................................................................................................................... 59

Checking Integrity Constraints in a Distributed Database / Hamidah Ibrahim ............................................................. 66

Collective Knowledge Composition in a P2P Network / Boanerges Aleman-Meza, Christian Halaschek-Wiener,

and I. Budak Arpinar ................................................................................................................................................. 74

Common Information Model / James A. Fulton .............................................................................................................. 78

Component-Based Generalized Database Index Model / Ashraf Gaffar ......................................................................... 87

Consistency in Spatial Databases / M. Andrea Rodríguez-Tastets ................................................................................ 93

Converting a Legacy Database to Object-Oriented Database / Reda Alhajj and Faruk Polat ..................................... 99

Data Dissemination / Ludger Fiege ................................................................................................................................ 105

Data Model Versioning and Database Evolution / Hassina Bounif ............................................................................... 110

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Data Quality Assessment / Juliusz L. Kulikowski ......................................................................................................... 116

Data Warehouses / Antonio Badia ................................................................................................................................. 121

Data Warehousing and OLAP / Jose Hernandez-Orallo ............................................................................................... 127

Data Warehousing, Multi-Dimensional Data Models, and OLAP / Prasad M. Deshpande

and Karthikeyan Ramasamy ...................................................................................................................................... 134

Database Engineering Focusing on Modern Dynamism Crises / Luiz Camolesi, Jr. and

Marina Teresa Pires Vieira ........................................................................................................................................ 140

Database Query Personalization / Georgia Koutrika ..................................................................................................... 147

Database Replication Protocols / Francesc D. Muñoz-Escoí, Luis Irún-Briz, and Hendrik Decker ............................. 153

Database Support for Workflow Management Systems / Francisco A. C. Pinheiro ..................................................... 158

Databases for Mobile Applications / Indranil Bose, Wang Ping, Mok Wai Shan, Wong Ka Shing,

Yip Yee Shing, Chan Lit Tin, and Shiu Ka Wai ......................................................................................................... 162

Dataveillance and Panoptic Marketspaces / Nikhilesh Dholakia, Detlev Zwick, and Anil Pandya ............................ 170

Deriving Spatial Integrity Constraints from Geographic Application Schemas / Clodoveu A. Davis, Jr.,

Karla A. V. Borges, and Alberto H. F. Laender ......................................................................................................... 176

Development Environment for Customer-Oriented Web Business, A / Choongseok Lee, Woojong Suh,

and Heeseok Lee ......................................................................................................................................................... 184

Digital Media Warehouses / Menzo Windhouwer and Martin Kersten ......................................................................... 191

Discovering Association Rules in Temporal Databases / Juan M. Ale and Gustavo H. Rossi ...................................... 195

Document Versioning in Digital Libraries / Mercedes Martínez-González .................................................................... 201

E-Government Databases / Catherine Horiuchi............................................................................................................. 206

E-Mail Data Stores / Catherine Horiuchi ....................................................................................................................... 211

Engineering Information Modeling in Databases / Z.M. Ma ........................................................................................... 216

Ensuring Serializability for Mobile-Client Data Caching / Shin Parker and Zhengxin Chen ........................................ 223

Enterprise Application Integration / Christoph Bussler ................................................................................................. 229

Extended Entity Relationship Modeling / Sikha Bagui .................................................................................................. 233

Extraction-Transformation-Loading Processes / Alkis Simitsis, Panos Vassiliadis, and Timos Sellis.......................... 240

Free Software and Open Source Databases / Hugo J. Curti........................................................................................... 246

Fuzzy Database Modeling / Z.M. Ma .............................................................................................................................. 250

Generic Model Management / Zinovy Diskin and Boris Kadish ................................................................................... 258

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Geometric Quality in Geographic Information / José Francisco Zelasco, Gaspar Porta, and José Luis

Fernandez Ausinaga .................................................................................................................................................. 266

Hierarchical Architecture of Expert Systems for Database Management / Manjunath R............................................... 271

High Quality Conceptual Schemes / Esko Marjomaa ..................................................................................................... 276

Information Quality of Databases, The / InduShobha Chengalur-Smith, M. Pamela Neely,

and Thomas Tribunella .............................................................................................................................................. 281

Integration of Data Semantics in Heterogeneous Database Federations / H. Balsters .................................................. 286

Integrative Document and Content Management Systems’ Architecture / Len Asprey, Rolf Green,

and Michael Middleton ............................................................................................................................................. 291

Intension Mining / Héctor Oscar Nigro and Sandra Elizabeth González Císaro ........................................................ 298

Kernelized Database Systems Security / Ramzi A. Haraty ............................................................................................. 304

Knowledge Discovery and Geographical Databases / Sami Faïz .................................................................................. 308

Knowledge Discovery from Databases / Jose Hernandez-Orallo .................................................................................. 313

Knowledge Management in Tourism / Daniel Xodo and Héctor Oscar Nigro .............................................................. 319

Knowledge Mining / Mahesh S. Raisinghani ................................................................................................................. 330

Logic Databases and Inconsistency Handling / José A. Alonso-Jiménez, Joaquín Borrego-Díaz,

and Antonia M. Chávez-González ............................................................................................................................. 336

Main Memory Databases / Matthias Meixner................................................................................................................ 341

Managing Inconsistent Databases Using Active Integrity Constraints / Sergio Flesca, Sergio Greco,

and Ester Zumpano .................................................................................................................................................... 345

Mathematics of Generic Specifications for Model Management, I / Zinovy Diskin ....................................................... 351

Mathematics of Generic Specifications for Model Management, II / Zinovy Diskin ...................................................... 359

Metric Databases / Edgar Chávez and Gonzalo Navarro ............................................................................................. 367

Modeling and Querying Temporal Data / Abdullah Uz Tansel ...................................................................................... 373

Moving Objects Databases / M. Andrea Rodríguez-Tastets.......................................................................................... 378

Multilevel Databases / Alban Gabillon .......................................................................................................................... 383

Multimedia Databases / Mariana Hentea ....................................................................................................................... 390

Multiparticipant Decision Making and Balanced Scorecard Collaborative / Daniel Xodo ............................................ 395

Natural Language Front-End for a Database / Boris Galitsky ........................................................................................ 403

Normalizing Multimedia Databases / Shi Kuo Chang, Vincenzo Deufemia, and Giuseppe Polese ............................... 408

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Object Modeling of RDBMS Based Applications / Giuseppe Polese, Vincenzo Deufemia, Gennaro Costagliola,

and Genny Tortora ..................................................................................................................................................... 413

Object-Relational Modeling in the UML / Jaroslav Zendulka ....................................................................................... 421

Online Data Mining / Héctor Oscar Nigro and Sandra Elizabeth González Císaro .................................................... 427

Ontological Assumptions in Information Modeling / John M. Artz ............................................................................... 433

Ontologies and Their Practical Implementation / Gian Piero Zarri ................................................................................ 438

Ontology-Based Data Integration / Agustina Buccella, Alejandra Cechich, and Nieves Rodríguez Brisaboa ........... 450

Open Source Database Management Systems / Sulayman K. Sowe, Ioannis Samoladas, and Ioannis Stamelos ....... 457

Open Source Software and Information Systems on the Web / Antonio Cartelli ......................................................... 463

Optimization of Continual Queries / Sharifullah Khan ................................................................................................... 469

Path-Oriented Queries and Tree Inclusion Problems / Yangjun Chen ............................................................................ 472

Preferred Repairs for Inconsistent Databases / Sergio Greco, Cristina Sirangelo, Irina Trubitsyna,

and Ester Zumpano .................................................................................................................................................... 480

Proper Placement of Derived Classes in the Class Hierarchy / Reda Alhajj and Faruk Polat ....................................... 486

Querical Data Networks / Cyrus Shahabi and Farnoush Banaei-Kashani ................................................................... 493

Query Operators in Temporal XML Databases / Kjetil Nørvåg ..................................................................................... 500

Query Processing for RDF Data / Heiner Stuckenschmidt ............................................................................................. 506

Query Processing in Spatial Databases / Antonio Corral and Michael Vassilakopoulos ........................................... 511

Raster Databases / Peter Baumann ................................................................................................................................ 517

Real-Time Databases / Alejandro Buchmann ................................................................................................................. 524

Relational, Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Data Models / Antonio Badia ........................................................ 530

Rewriting and Efficient Computation of Bound Disjunctive Datalog Queries / Sergio Greco and Ester Zumpano ...... 536

Repairing Inconsistent XML Data with Functional Dependencies / Sergio Flesca, Fillippo Furfaro,

Sergio Greco, and Ester Zumpano ............................................................................................................................. 542

Replication Mechanisms Over a Set of Distributed UDDI Registries / Zakaria Maamar .............................................. 548

Replication Methods and Their Properties / Lars Frank ................................................................................................ 555

Rewriting and Efficient Computation of Bound Disjunctive Datalog Queries / Sergio Greco

and Ester Zumpano .................................................................................................................................................... 562

Rhetorical Perspective on Localization and International Outsourcing, A / Kirk St.Amant .......................................... 570

Rough Sets / Zdzislaw Pawlak, Lech Polkowski, and Andrzej Skowron ...................................................................... 575

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Security Controls for Database Technology and Applications / Zoltán Kincses .......................................................... 581

Semantic Enrichment of Geographical Databases / Sami Faïz and Khaoula Mahmoudi .............................................. 587

Semantic Information Management / David G. Schwartz and Zvi Schreiber................................................................. 593

Semantically Modeled Enterprise Databases / Cheryl. L. Dunn and Severin V. Grabski .............................................. 601

Semistructured Data and its Conceptual Models / Murali Mani and Antonio Badia ................................................... 607

Sensors, Uncertainty Models, and Probabilistic Queries / Reynold Cheng and Sunil Prabhakar............................... 613

Service Mechanism Quality for Enhanced Mobile Multimedia Database Query Processing / Yanpu Zhang

and Zhengxin Chen .................................................................................................................................................... 619

Set Comparison in Relational Query Languages / Mohammad Dadashzadeh ............................................................... 624

Set Valued Attributes / Karthikeyan Ramasamy and Prasad M. Deshpande ............................................................... 632

Signature Files and Signature File Construction / Yangjun Chen and Yong Shi ........................................................... 638

Similarity Search in Time Series Databases / Maria Kontaki, Apostolos N. Papadopoulos,

and Yannis Manolopoulos......................................................................................................................................... 646

Spatio-Temporal Indexing Techniques / Michael Vassilakopoulos and Antonio Corral ............................................. 652

Storing XML Documents in Databases / Albrecht Schmidt, Stefan Manegold, and Martin Kersten ........................... 658

Symbolic Objects and Symbolic Data Analysis / Héctor Oscar Nigro and Sandra Elizabeth González Císaro ......... 665

Syntactical and Semantical Correctness of Pictorial Queries for GIS / Fernando Ferri and Maurizio Rafanelli.......... 671

Temporal Databases / Mahesh S. Raisinghani and Chris Klassen ................................................................................ 677

Text Categorization / Fabrizio Sebastiani ...................................................................................................................... 683

Text Databases / Gonzalo Navarro ................................................................................................................................ 688

Transaction Concurrency Methods / Lars Frank .......................................................................................................... 695

Transactional Support for Mobile Databases / Hong Va Leong .................................................................................... 701

Transformation-Based Database Engineering / Jean-Luc Hainaut ................................................................................ 707

Ubiquitous Computing and Databases / George Roussos and Michael Zoumboulakis ................................................ 714

Using Semantic Web Tools for Ontologies Construction / Gian Piero Zarri................................................................ 720

Using Views to Query XML Documents / Mario Cannataro, Sophie Cluet, Giuseppe Tradigo,

Pierangelo Veltri, and Dan Vodislav ........................................................................................................................ 729

Vertical Database Design for Scalable Data Mining / William Perrizo, Qiang Ding, Masum Serazi,

Taufik Abidin, and Baoying Wang ............................................................................................................................ 736

XML Multi-Tier Pattern Dissemination System, An / Ashraf Gaffar and Ahmed Seffah ................................................ 740

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xiii

 

Database research has about 35 years of rich history of productivity which has lead to the most relevant and important

developments into the software engineering discipline. Naturally, database technologies, architectures and conceptual

frameworks have been consolidated in the last decades. Moreover, over the last decade, database management has

evolved in such a way that databases have become a key component at the heart of current computing environments

and modern information systems. This has provoked a deep impact and significant changes in the way organizations

and institutions operate and make their business decisions. It is worthwhile mentioning some facts that have promoted

such a growth: the ubiquity of powerful and easy-to-use personal computer database management products, new

modeling techniques and tools, most importantly, those based on object oriented thinking, the emergence of client￾server processing, the decreasing price of hardware and software, and the imperious need to properly and efficiently

manage huge amounts of information.

The history of the database evolution fits into the following paradigm: a problem with data management arises,

database technology then copes with the problem in an efficient way and leads users to figure out new problems which

in turn feed the evolution of the technology. Perhaps this can be seen as a never-ending cycle of management

information needs, new technological advances and successful database software products, which in turn open the

gate to new management information needs, and so on. This chain often occurs with any efficient person or program.

Their success leads the world to give them more and more tasks!

The design of database applications is a crucial factor in the success of information systems in any organization.

Data is one of the most valuable assets to an organization whose validity, consistency and accuracy are vital. A database

management systems (DBMS) greatly contributes with these purposes by providing data persistence, efficient access

to data, and data integrity guaranteed by integrity constraints. Current database systems offer the SQL query language

standard, which has become the query and manipulation language par excellence. By isolating the conceptual schema

from the implementation schema, database systems guarantee data independence from storage techniques. Also, by

means of the management of users and their privileges, the DBMS can provide secure control access to data. While

the control of concurrent access to data is managed through different protocols of transaction scheduling and varied

locking techniques, backups and database recovery strategies allow the database recovering after hardware and

software failures. All of these areas have opened research fields, exciting challenges, and major technological and

conceptual changes in many features through their evolution. This has happened in such a way that database knowledge

has become an essential part of the education and research related to computer science.

From another perspective of this fantastic growth of database frameworks, a vast diversity of users, with their areas

of interest, particular application requirements and own technological needs, have became interested in databases. In

recent years, these facts have promoted a general tendency towards new and original database research areas and

practice fields, framed into new approaches. Other new and powerful issues of database research are programming

languages, active databases, temporal databases, spatial databases, multimedia databases, and databases and the Web.

The growth of database effectiveness was accompanied by a huge increase of users and user profiles. The need

of users for information sources has naturally and extensively grown. We believe this encyclopedia will help to close

the breach between both aspects.

The Encyclopedia of Database Technologies and Applications is a collaborative effort that addresses the

evolution of database management, technologies and applications along with the progress and endeavors of new

research areas.

Leading specialists in each area, researchers with profuse publications on the topics covered by this volume,

practitioners with a vast experience in the development of database systems in organizational environments, and

teachers with accumulated experience teaching graduate and undergraduate courses have contributed articles on their

field of expertise to this encyclopedia.

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The potential audience of this encyclopedia is widely diverse. This encyclopedia is intended for computing students

who have some knowledge on databases, for teachers giving not only introductory but advanced courses on databases,

for researchers with concerns about specific concepts in their area of interest, and for practitioners facing database

implementation choices. Inexperienced readers and students will also find in this encyclopedia an invaluable basis to

increase their knowledge about databases, in addition to the main issues and applications related to databases.

Experienced teachers will discover a comprehensive compendium of teaching resources. On the other hand, this

database encyclopedia is also a valuable reference book for professionals, designers, application programmers, and

database practitioners. This important new publication brings together a discussion of a wide spectrum of database

issues, giving researchers, scholars, students, and professionals the access to the latest knowledge related to database

science, technology and the trends in this promising and continuously evolving field. We can say that the main endeavor

of this encyclopedia has been to grant access to essential core material for education, research, and practice on database

systems.

This encyclopedia is a compilation of entries with a standardized structure and style sorted by title. It is broader

than most database books since it provides a comprehensive and balanced treatment of the most important issues,

concepts, languages, and definitions of the core terms in each subject. It recommends concrete references to current

technology and includes profuse links to relevant literature on each topic. It offers a sound grounding in the foundations

of database technology and the state of the art and also provides solid ideas about current trends and evidence on how

this field is likely to develop in the near future. Many articles offer an analytical approach, so that the concepts presented

can be applied not only to the wide variety of actual databases but also can be used as a fundamental stone to build

future systems.

The areas covered in this encyclopedia are under an exceptionally fast development and spreading. For this reason,

each article of this volume includes a list with the Key Terms and concepts of each topic along with their definitions.

The choice of such terms has been a great success of our contributors.

Topics covered by this encyclopedia include the analysis of information requirements, the development of

conceptual data models, the improvement of relational and object oriented schemas, SQL and XML concerns, database

integrity, database performance and optimization, transactions, backup and recovery strategies, file structures and

indexing, and the development of challenging database applications. Many articles have numerous examples on how

to apply the material.

ORGANIZATION OF THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA

This encyclopedia has been organized alphabetically by title, in order the reader to find quickly the article of his interest.

This preface introduces the main research areas exposed. It is not intended to detail all the issues and results, but

to give an initial orientation of the work introduced in the research articles. A short description of each area covered

follows:

Knowledge management is generally seen as a problem of treating the capture, organization, and retrieval of

information. Related to this area, the design of knowledge management systems including in that design the human and

social factors, constitute a novel and promising research discipline that has been covered in few articles. The reader

will find in them particular applications of this approach.

Data integration is the subject of various articles. As the storing and retrieving of data are not enough in newest

organizational environments, new approaches to data integration have been emerged. One of them is the data

warehousing approach. Conventional and current database systems are (and typically have been) designed and

optimized for On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP). In this sense, the databases can manage huge quantities of

transactions executing concurrently, modifying or reading generally small and changeable amounts of data. However,

recently applications in the context of the management of a complex enterprise require a far-reaching, overall view of

all aspects of its activities. The core characteristic of the data warehousing approach is that the data of interest come

from heterogeneous sources. Since those data are often of a different format and complexity; for instance they can come

from different databases, installed from different platforms, or simply from online multimedia data stores, Web pages,

spreadsheets, or even conventional files. This poses not only difficulties inherent to its access, but new challenges

on the way to provide a uniform, integrated and transparent access to such heterogeneous and distributed information

sources. Federated database systems are one of the most recent advances that allow distributed databases and other

data sources to be virtually integrated.

TEAM LinG