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Encyclopedia Of Alternative Medicine Vol. 2
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The GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
AlTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
SECOND EDITION
GEAMv2htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 1
The GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
Alternative
MEDICINE
SECOND EDITION
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
VOLUME
D-K
2
GEAMv2htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 3
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Second Edition
Project Editor
Jacqueline L. Longe
Editorial
Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Laurie Fundukian, Erin
Watts
Editorial Support Services
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Rights Acquisition Management
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Imaging
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Robyn V. Young
Product Design
Michelle DiMercurio, Tracey Rowens
Composition and Electronic Prepress
Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper
Manufacturing
Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki
Indexing
Synapse Corp. of Colorado
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The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe,
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Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7424-9 (set hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7425-7 (v. 1 : alk.
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1. Alternative medicine--Encyclopedias.
[DNLM: 1. Complementary Therapies--Encyclopedias--English. 2. Internal
Medicine--
Encyclopedias--English. WB 13 G1507 2005] I. Title: Encyclopedia of
alternative medicine. II. Longe, Jacqueline L.
R733.G34 2005
615.5'03--dc22
2004022502
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page iv
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 V
CONTENTS
List of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
About the Encyclopedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Entries
Volume 1: A-C ..................... 1
Volume 2: D-K.................... 523
Volume 3: L-R ................... 1029
Volume 4: S-Z ................... 1523
Organizations....................... 2199
Glossary .......................... 2225
General Index ...................... 2293
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page v
A
Abscess
Acidophilus
Acne
Aconite
Acupressure
Acupuncture
Ademetionine
Adie’s pupil
African pygeum
Agastache
Aging
AIDS
Alcoholism
Alexander technique
Alfalfa
Alisma
Allergies
Allium cepa
Aloe
Alpha-hydroxy
Alzheimer’s disease
Amino acids
Andrographis
Androstenedione
Anemarrhena
Anemia
Angelica root
Angina
Anise
Ankylosing spondylitis
Anorexia nervosa
Anthroposophical medicine
Antioxidants
Anxiety
Bates method
Bayberry
Bedsores
Bedwetting
Bee pollen
Behavioral optometry
Behavioral therapy
Belladonna
Beta-hydroxy
Beta-methylbutyric acid
Beta carotene
Betaine hydrochloride
Bhakti yoga
Bilberry
Binge eating disorder
Biofeedback
Bioflavonoids
Biota
Biotin
Bipolar disorder
Bird flu
Bites and stings
Bitter melon
Bitters
Black cohosh
Black currant seed oil
Black haw
Black walnut
Black cumin seed extract
Bladder cancer
Bladder infection
Blessed thistle
Blisters
Blood poisoning
Blood clots
Bloodroot
Apis
Apitherapy
Appendicitis
Applied kinesiology
Apricot seed
Arginine
Arnica
Aromatherapy
Arrowroot
Arsenicum album
Art therapy
Ashwaganda
Asthma
Astigmatism
Aston-Patterning
Astragalus
Atherosclerosis
Athlete’s foot
Atkins diet
Atractylodes (white)
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Aucklandia
Auditory integration training
Aura therapy
Auriculotherapy
Autism
Ayurvedic medicine
B
Bad breath
Balm of Gilead
Barberry
Barley grass
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 VII
LIST OF ENTRIES
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page vii
Blue cohosh
Body odor
Boils
Bone spurs
Bonemeal
Boneset
Borage oil
Boron
Boswellia
Botanical medicine
Breast cancer
Breastfeeding problems
Breath therapy
Breema
Brewer’s yeast
Bromelain
Bronchitis
Bruises
Bruxism
Bryonia
Buchu
Buckthorn
Bugleweed
Bulimia nervosa
Bunions
Burdock root
Burns
Bursitis
Butcher’s broom
Buteyko
C
Cadmium poisoning
Caffeine
Calcarea carbonica
Calcium
Calendula
Cancer
Cancer treatments, biological
Candidiasis
Canker sores
Cantharis
Carnitine
Carotenoids
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Coenzyme Q10
Coix
Cold sores
Coleus
Colic
Colloidal silver
Colonic irrigation
Color therapy
Colorectal cancer
Colostrum
Coltsfoot
Comfrey
Common cold
Conjunctivitis
Constipation
Contact dermatitis
Copper
Coptis
Cordyceps
Corns and calluses
Cornsilk
Cornus
Corydalis
Cotton root bark
Cough
Cradle cap
Cramp bark
Cranberry
Craniosacral therapy
Creatine
Crohn’s disease
Croup
Crystal healing
Cupping
Curanderismo
Cuscuta
Cuts and scratches
Cymatic therapy
Cyperus
D
Damiana
Dance therapy
Dandelion
Dandruff
Cartilage supplements
Castor oil
Cat’s claw
Cataracts
Catnip
Cayce systems
Cayenne
Celiac disease
Cell therapy
Cell salt therapy
Cellulite
Cerebral vascular insufficiency
Cerebral palsy
Cervical dysplasia
Chakra balancing
Chamomile
Charcoal, activated
Chasteberry tree
Chelated minerals
Chelation therapy
Chemical poisoning
Cherry bark
Chickenpox
Chickweed
Chicory
Childbirth
Childhood nutrition
Chills
Chinese massage
Chinese system of food cures
Chinese thoroughwax
Chinese yam
Chinese foxglove root
Chiropractic
Chlamydia
Chlorella
Cholesterol
Chondroitin
Christian Science healing
Chromium
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chrysanthemum flower
Chymotrypsin
Cicada
Cinnamon bark
Cirrhosis
Cnidium seeds
Codonopsis root
VIII GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page viii
Deglycyrrhizanated licorice
Dementia
Depression
Dermatitis
Detoxification
Devil’s claw
DHEA
Diabetes mellitus
Diamond diet
Diaper rash
Diarrhea
Diathermy
Diets
Digestive enzymes
Diverticulitis
Dizziness
Dolomite
Dong quai
Dry mouth
Dyslexia
Dysmenorrhea
E
Ear infection
Earache
Echinacea
Eczema
Edema
Elder
Electroacupuncture
Elimination diet
Emphysema
Endometriosis
Energy medicine
Environmental therapy
Enzyme therapy
Ephedra
Epididymitis
Epilepsy
Epimedium
Essential fatty acids
Essential oils
Essiac tea
Eucalyptus
Eucommia bark
Gelsemium
Genital herpes
Genital warts
Gentiana
Geriatric massage
Gerson therapy
Ginger
Ginkgo biloba
Ginseng, American
Ginseng, Korean
Ginseng, Siberian
Glaucoma
Glucosamine
Glutamine
Glutathione
Goldenrod
Goldenseal
Gonorrhea
Gotu kola
Gout
Grains-of-paradise fruit
Grape skin
Grape seed extract
Grapefruit seed extract
Green tea
Guggul
Guided imagery
Gulf War syndrome
Gum disease
Gymnema
H
Hair loss
Hangover
Hatha yoga
Hawthorn
Hay fever
Headache
Hearing loss
Heart disease
Heart attack
Heartburn
Heavy metal poisoning
Heel spurs
Hellerwork
Evening primrose oil
Evodia fruit
Exercise
Eyebright
F
Facial massage
Fasting
Fatigue
Feldenkrais
Feng shui
Fennel
Fenugreek
Ferrum phosphoricum
Fever
Feverfew
Fibrocystic breast disease
Fibromyalgia
Fish oil
5-HTP
Flaxseed
Flower remedies
Fo ti
Folic acid
Food poisoning
Foxglove
Fractures
French green clay
Fritillaria
Frostbite and frostnip
Fungal infections
G
Gallstones
Gamma-linoleic acid
Gangrene
Ganoderma
Gardenia
Garlic
Gas
Gastritis
Gastrodia
Gastroenteritis
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 IX
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page ix
Hemorrhoids
Hepar sulphuris
Hepatitis
Herbalism, Western
Herbalism, traditional Chinese
Herniated disk
Hiatal hernia
Hibiscus
Hiccups
High sensitivity C reactive protein
test
High-fiber diet
Hives
Hodgkin’s disease
Holistic dentistry
Holistic medicine
Homeopathy
Homeopathy, acute prescribing
Homeopathy, constitutional prescribing
Honeysuckle
Hops
Horehound
Horse chestnut
Horsetail
Hot flashes
Humor therapy
Huna
Hydrotherapy
Hypercortisolemia
Hyperopia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypertension
Hyperthermia
Hyperthyroidism
Hypnotherapy
Hypoglycemia
Hypothyroidism
Hyssop
I
Iceland moss
Ignatia
Immuno-augmentation therapy
Impetigo
Impotence
Indigestion
L
Labyrinth walking
Lachesis
Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
Laryngitis
Lavender
Lazy eye
Lead poisoning
Learning disorders
Lecithin
Ledum
Lemon balm
Lemongrass
Leukemia
Lice infestation
Licorice
Light therapy
Linoleic acid
Livingston-Wheeler therapy
Lobelia
Lomatium
Lomilomi
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Low back pain
Lung cancer
Lutein
Lycium fruit
Lycopene
Lycopodium
Lyme disease
Lymphatic drainage
Lysimachia
Lysine
M
Macrobiotic diet
Macular degeneration
Magnesium
Magnetic therapy
Magnolia
Maitake
Malaria
Malignant lymphoma
Manganese
Infant massage
Infections
Infertility
Inflammatory bowel disease
Influenza
Ingrown nail
Insomnia
Insulin resistance
Iodine
Ipecac
Ipriflavone
Iridology
Iron
Irritable bowel syndrome
Ischemia
Itching
J
Jaundice
Jet lag
Jock itch
Jojoba oil
Journal therapy
Juice therapies
Juniper
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
K
Kali bichromicum
Kampo medicine
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Kava kava
Kegel exercises
Kelley-Gonzalez diet
Kelp
Kidney stones
Kidney infections
Kirlian photography
Knee pain
Kneipp wellness
Kola nut
Kombucha
Kudzu
X GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page x
Marijuana
Marsh mallow
Martial arts
Massage therapy
McDougall diet
Measles
Meditation
Mediterranean diet
Medium-chain triglycerides
Melatonin
Memory loss
Meniere’s disease
Meningitis
Menopause
Menstruation
Mercurius vivus
Mesoglycan
Metabolic therapies
Methionine
Mexican yam
Migraine headache
Milk thistle
Mind/Body medicine
Mistletoe
Mononucleosis
Morning sickness
Motherwort
Motion sickness
Movement therapy
Moxibustion
MSM
Mugwort leaf
Mullein
Multiple chemical sensitivity
Multiple sclerosis
Mumps
Muscle spasms and cramps
Music therapy
Myopia
Myotherapy
Myrrh
N
Narcolepsy
Native American medicine
Panchakarma
Pancreatitis
Panic disorder
Pantothenic acid
Parasitic infections
Parkinson’s disease
Parsley
Passionflower
Past-life therapy
Pau d’arco
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pennyroyal
Peppermint
Peripheral neuropathy
Periwinkle
Pet therapy
Phlebitis
Phobias
Phosphorus
Pilates
Pinched nerve
Pine bark extract
Pinellia
Pityriasis rosea
Placebo effect
Plantain
Pleurisy
Pneumonia
Polarity therapy
Postpartum depression
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Potassium
Pranic healing
Prayer and spirituality
Pregnancy
Pregnancy massage
Premenstrual syndrome
Prickly heat
Prickly pear cactus
Pritikin diet
Probiotics
Prolotherapy
Prostate enlargement
Prostate cancer
Psoriasis
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychophysiology
Psychosomatic medicine
Natrum muriaticum
Natural hygiene diet
Natural hormone replacement therapy
Naturopathic medicine
Nausea
Neck pain
Neem
Nettle
Neural therapy
Neuralgia
Neurolinguistic programming
Niacin
Night blindness
Noni
Nosebleeds
Notoginseng root
Nutmeg
Nutrition
Nux vomica
O
Oak
Obesity
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-6 fatty acids
Ophiopogon
Oregano essential oil
Ornish diet
Ortho-bionomy
Orthomolecular medicine
Osha
Osteoarthritis
Osteopathy
Osteoporosis
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cysts
Oxygen/Ozone therapy
P
Pain
Paleolithic diet
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XI
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xi
Psychotherapy
Psyllium
Pulsatilla
Pulse diagnosis
Pyridoxine
Q
Qigong
Quan yin
R
Rabies
Radiation injuries
Radiesthesia
Radionics
Rashes
Raspberry
Raynaud’s syndrome
Red cedar
Red clover
Red yeast rice extract
Reflexology
Reiki
Reishi mushroom
Relaxation
Rescue Remedy
Restless leg syndrome
Retinal detachment
Retinopathy
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rhinitis
Rhubarb root
Rhus toxicodendron
Riboflavin
Rolfing
Rosacea
Rose hip
Rosemary
Rosen method
Royal jelly
Rubella
Rubenfeld synergy
Sneezing
Snoring
Sodium
Somatics
Sore throat
Sound therapy
South Beach diet
Soy protein
Spearmint
Spinal manipulative therapy
Spirulina
Sports massage
Sprains and strains
Squawvine
St. John’s wort
Staphylococcal infections
Sties
Stomachaches
Stone massage
Strep throat
Stress
Stroke
Substance abuse and dependence
Sulfur
Suma
Sun’s soup
Sunburn
Swedish massage
Sweet clover
Swimmer’s ear
Syntonic optometry
Syphilis
Systemic lupus erythematoses
T
T’ai chi
Tangerine peel
Tea tree oil
Teenage nutrition
Teething problems
Temporomandibular joint syndrome
Tendinitis
Tennis elbow
Tetanus
Thai massage
Russian massage
Ruta
S
Safflower flower
Saffron
Sage
Saliva sample testing
Sargassum seaweed
Sassafras
Saw palmetto
Scabies
Scallion
Scarlet fever
Schisandra
Schizophrenia
Sciatica
Scoliosis
Seasonal affective disorder
Selenium
Senior nutrition
Senna
Sensory deprivation
Sensory integration disorder
Sepia
Sesame oil
Sexual dysfunction
Shamanism
Sheep sorrel
Shiatsu
Shiitake mushroom
Shin splints
Shingles
Shintaido
Sick building syndrome
Sickle cell anemia
Silica
Sinus infection
Sjögren’s syndrome
Skin cancer
Skullcap
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorders
Slippery elm
Smoking
XII GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xii
Therapeutic touch
Thiamine
Thuja
Thunder God vine
Thyme
Tibetan medicine
Tinnitus
Tonsillitis
Toothache
Tourette syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Traditional African medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine
Trager psychophysical integration
Tremors
Trepanation
Trichomoniasis
Trigger point therapy
Triphala
Tuberculosis
Turmeric
U
Ulcers, digestive
Unani-tibbi
Urinary incontinence
Urine therapy
Usnea
Wheezing
White peony root
White willow
Whooping cough
Wigmore diet
Wild cherry
Wild oat
Wild yam
Wintergreen
Witch hazel
Worms
Wormwood
Wounds
Y
Yarrow
Yeast infection
Yellow dock
Yerba santa
Yoga
Yohimbe
Yucca
Z
Zinc
Zone diet
Uterine cancer
Uterine fibroids
Uva ursi
V
Vaginitis
Valerian
Vanadium
Varicose veins
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Venom immunotherapy
Vitamin A
Vitamin B complex
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vomiting
W
Warts
Wasabi
Wheat grass therapy
Wheat germ
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XIII
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xiii
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine is a
medical reference product designed to inform and educate readers about a wide variety of complementary therapies and herbal remedies and treatments for prevalent
conditions and diseases. Thomson Gale believes the
product to be comprehensive, but not necessarily definitive. It is intended to supplement, not replace, consultation with a physician or other healthcare practitioner.
While Thomson Gale has made substantial efforts to provide information that is accurate, comprehensive, and
up-to-date, Thomson Gale makes no representations or
warranties of any kind, including without limitation,
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, comprehensiveness, or timeliness of the information contained in
this product. Readers should be aware that the universe
of complementary medical knowledge is constantly
growing and changing, and that differences of medical
opinion exist among authorities. They are also advised to
seek professional diagnosis and treatment for any medical condition, and to discuss information obtained from
this book with their healthcare provider.
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XV
PLEASE READ – IMPORTANT INFORMATION
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xv
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
(GEAM) is a one-stop source for alternative medical information that covers complementary therapies, herbs
and remedies, and common medical diseases and conditions. It avoids medical jargon, making it easier for the
layperson to use. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative
Medicine presents authoritative, balanced information
and is more comprehensive than single-volume family
medical guides.
Scope
Over 800 full-length articles are included in The
Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Many
prominent figures are highlighted as sidebar biographies
that accompany the therapy entries. Articles follow a
standardized format that provides information at a
glance. Rubrics include:
Therapies
• Origins
• Benefits
• Description
• Preparations
• Precautions
• Side effects
• Research & general acceptance
• Resources
• Key terms
Herbs/remedies
• General use
• Preparations
• Precautions
• Side effects
• Interactions
• Resources
• Key terms
Diseases/conditions
• Definition
• Description
• Causes & symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Allopathic treatment
• Expected results
• Prevention
• Resources
• Key terms
Inclusion criteria
A preliminary list of therapies, herbs, remedies, diseases, and conditions was compiled from a wide variety
of sources, including professional medical guides and
textbooks, as well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. The advisory board, made up of three medical and
alternative healthcare experts, evaluated the topics and
made suggestions for inclusion. Final selection of topics
to include was made by the medical advisors in conjunction with Thomson Gale editors.
About the Contributors
The essays were compiled by experienced medical
writers, including alternative healthcare practitioners and
educators, pharmacists, nurses, and other complementary
healthcare professionals. GEAM medical advisors reviewed over 95% of the completed essays to insure that
they are appropriate, up-to-date, and medically accurate.
How to Use this Book
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine has
been designed with ready reference in mind:
• Straight alphabetical arrangement allows users
to locate information quickly.
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XVII
ABOUT THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xvii
• Bold faced terms function as print hyperlinks that
point the reader to related entries in the encyclopedia.
• A list of key terms is provided where appropriate
to define unfamiliar words or concepts used within the context of the essay. Additional terms may
be found in the glossary.
• Cross-references placed throughout the encyclopedia direct readers to where information on subjects without their own entries can be found. Synonyms are also cross-referenced.
• A Resources section directs users to sources of
further complementary medical information.
• An appendix of alternative medical organizations
is arranged by type of therapy and includes valuable contact information.
• A comprehensive general index allows users to
easily target detailed aspects of any topic, including Latin names.
Graphics
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine is
enhanced with over 450 images, including photos, tables, and customized line drawings. Each volume contains a color insert of 64 important herbs, remedies, and
supplements.
XVIII GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
About the Encyclopedia
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xviii