Electric power substations engineering

T H I R D E D I T I O N

The Electric Power Engineering Handbook

ELECTRIC POWER

SUBSTATIONS

ENGINEERING

The Electric Power Engineering Handbook

Third Edition

Edited by

Leonard L. Grigsby

Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution

Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby

Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Third Edition

Edited by James H. Harlow

Electric Power Substations Engineering, Third Edition

Edited by John D. McDonald

Power Systems, Third Edition

Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby

Power System Stability and Control

Edited by Leonard L. Grigsby

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

T H I R D E D I T I O N

EDITED BY

JOHN D. MCDONALD

The Electric Power Engineering Handbook

ELECTRIC POWER

SUBSTATIONS

ENGINEERING

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

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Version Date: 20111109

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v

Contents

Preface......................................................................................................................vii

Editor ........................................................................................................................ix

Contributors ............................................................................................................. xi

1 How a Substation Happens ............................................................................ 1-1

Jim Burke and Anne-Marie Sahazizian

2 Gas-Insulated Substations..............................................................................2-1

Phil Bolin

3 Air-Insulated Substations: Bus/Switching Configurations...........................3-1

Michael J. Bio

4 High-Voltage Switching Equipment ..............................................................4-1

David L. Harris and David Childress

5 High-Voltage Power Electronic Substations..................................................5-1

Dietmar Retzmann and Asok Mukherjee

6 Interface between Automation and the Substation.......................................6-1

James W. Evans

7 Substation Integration and Automation........................................................ 7-1

Eric MacDonald

8 Oil Containment ............................................................................................8-1

Thomas Meisner

9 Community Considerations...........................................................................9-1

James H. Sosinski

10 Animal Deterrents/Security.........................................................................10-1

Mike Stine

11 Substation Grounding .................................................................................. 11-1

Richard P. Keil

12 Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations.......................................12-1

Robert S. Nowell

vi Contents

13 Seismic Considerations ................................................................................13-1

Eric Fujisaki

14 Substation Fire Protection ........................................................................... 14-1

Don Delcourt

15 Substation Communications........................................................................15-1

Daniel E. Nordell

16 Physical Security of Substations ..................................................................16-1

John Oglevie, W. Bruce Dietzman, and Cale Smith

17 Cyber Security of Substation Control and Diagnostic Systems.................. 17-1

Daniel Thanos

18 Gas-Insulated Transmission Line ................................................................18-1

Hermann Koch

19 Substation Asset Management .....................................................................19-1

H. Lee Willis and Richard E. Brown

20 Station Commissioning and Project Closeout ............................................20-1

Jim Burke and Rick Clarke

21 Energy Storage.............................................................................................. 21-1

Ralph Masiello

22 Role of Substations in Smart Grids..............................................................22-1

Stuart Borlase, Marco C. Janssen, Michael Pesin, and Bartosz Wojszczyk

vii

Preface

The electric power substation, whether generating station or transmission and distribution, remains one

of the most challenging and exciting fields of electric power engineering. Recent technological develop￾ments have had a tremendous impact on all aspects of substation design and operation. The objective

of Electric Power Substations Engineering is to provide an extensive overview of substations, as well as a

reference and guide for their study. The chapters are written for the electric power engineering profes￾sional for detailed design information as well as for other engineering professions (e.g., mechanical and

civil) who want an overview or specific information in one particular area.

The book is organized into 22 chapters to provide comprehensive information on all aspects of sub￾stations, from the initial concept of a substation to design, automation, operation, physical and cyber

security, commissioning, energy storage, and the role of substations in Smart Grid. The chapters are

written as tutorials and provide references for further reading and study. A number of the chapter

authors are members of the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) Substations Committee. They develop

the standards that govern all aspects of substations. In this way, this book contains the most recent

technological developments regarding industry practice as well as industry standards. This book is part

of the Electrical Engineering Handbook Series published by Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press. Since

its inception in 1993, this series has been dedicated to the concept that when readers refer to a book on a

particular topic, they should be able to find what they need to know about the subject at least 80% of the

time. That has indeed been the goal of this book.

During my review of the individual chapters of this book, I was very pleased with the level of detail

presented, but more importantly the tutorial style of writing and use of photographs and graphics to

help the reader understand the material. I thank the tremendous efforts of the 28 authors who were

dedicated to do the very best job they could in writing the 22 chapters. Fifteen of the twenty chapters

were updated from the second edition, and there are two new chapters in the third edition. I also thank

the personnel at Taylor & Francis Group who have been involved in the production of this book, with a

special word of thanks to Nora Konopka and Jessica Vakili. They were a pleasure to work with and made

this project a lot of fun for all of us.

John D. McDonald

ix

Editor

John D. McDonald, PE, is the director of technical strategy and policy

development for GE Digital Energy. In his 38 years of experience in the

electric utility industry, he has developed power application software

for both supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)/energy

management system (EMS) and SCADA/distribution management

system (DMS) applications, developed distribution automation and

load management systems, managed SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS

projects, and assisted intelligent electronic device (IED) suppliers in

the automation of their IEDs.

John received his BSEE and MSEE in power engineering from

Purdue University and an MBA in finance from the University of

California, Berkeley. He is a member of Eta Kappa Nu (electrical engineering honorary) and Tau Beta Pi

(engineering honorary); is a fellow of IEEE; and was awarded the IEEE Millennium Medal in 2000, the

IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) Excellence in Power Distribution Engineering Award in 2002, and

the IEEE PES Substations Committee Distinguished Service Award in 2003.

In his 25 years of working group and subcommittee leadership with the IEEE PES Substations

Committee, John led seven working groups and task forces who published standards/tutorials in the

areas of distribution SCADA, master/remote terminal unit (RTU), and RTU/IED communications pro￾tocols. He was also on the board of governors of the IEEE-SA (Standards Association) in 2010–2011,

focusing on long-term IEEE Smart Grid standards strategy. John was elected to chair the NIST Smart

Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) Governing Board for 2010–2012.

John is past president of the IEEE PES, chair of the Smart Grid Consumer Collaborative (SGCC)

Board, charter member of the IEEE Brand Ambassadors Program, member of the IEEE Medal of Honor

Committee, member of the IEEE PES Region 3 Scholarship Committee, VP for Technical Activities for

the US National Committee (USNC) of CIGRE, and past chair of the IEEE PES Substations Committee.

He was also the director of IEEE Division VII in 2008–2009. He is a member of the advisory commit￾tee for the annual DistribuTECH Conference. He also received the 2009 Outstanding Electrical and

Computer Engineer Award from Purdue University.

John teaches courses on Smart Grid at the Georgia Institute of Technology, for GE, and for various

IEEE PES chapters as a distinguished lecturer of the IEEE PES. He has published 40 papers and articles

in the areas of SCADA, SCADA/EMS, SCADA/DMS, and communications, and is a registered profes￾sional engineer (electrical) in California, Pennsylvania, and Georgia.

x Editor

John is the coauthor of the book Automating a Distribution Cooperative, from A to Z, published by

the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association Cooperative Research Network (CRN) in 1999.

He is also the editor of the Substations chapter and a coauthor of the book The Electric Power Engineering

Handbook—cosponsored by the IEEE PES and published by CRC Press in 2000. He is the editor in

chief of the book Electric Power Substations Engineering, Second Edition, published by Taylor & Francis

Group/CRC Press in 2007, as well as the author of the “Substation integration and automation” chapter.

xi

Michael J. Bio

Alstom Grid

Birmingham, Alabama

Phil Bolin

Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc.

Warrendale, Pensylvania

Stuart Borlase

Siemens Energy, Inc.

Raleigh, North Carolina

Richard E. Brown

Quanta Technology

Raleigh, North Carolina

Jim Burke (retired)

Baltimore Gas & Electric Company

Baltimore, Maryland

David Childress

David Childress Enterprises

Griffin, Georgia

Rick Clarke

Baltimore Gas & Electric Company

Baltimore, Maryland

Don Delcourt

BC Hydro

Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

and

Glotek Consultants Ltd.

Surrey, British Columbia, Canada

W. Bruce Dietzman

Oncor Electric Delivery Company

Fort Worth, Texas

James W. Evans

The St. Claire Group, LLC

Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan

Eric Fujisaki

Pacific Gas and Electric Company

Oakland, California

David L. Harris

SPX Transformer Solutions

(Waukesha Electric Systems)

Waukesha, Wisconsin

Marco C. Janssen

UTInnovation

Duiven, the Netherlands

Richard P. Keil

Commonwealth Associates, Inc.

Dayton, Ohio

Hermann Koch

Siemens AG

Erlangen, Germany

Eric MacDonald

GE Energy–Digital Energy

Markham, Ontario, Canada

Ralph Masiello

KEMA, Inc.

Chalfont, Pennsylvania

Contributors

xii Contributors

Thomas Meisner

Hydro One Networks, Inc.

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Asok Mukherjee

Siemens AG

Erlangen, Germany

Daniel E. Nordell

Xcel Energy

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Robert S. Nowell (retired)

Commonwealth Associates, Inc.

Jackson, Michigan

John Oglevie

POWER Engineers, Inc.

Boise, Idaho

Michael Pesin

Seattle City Light

Seattle, Washington

Dietmar Retzmann

Siemens AG

Erlangen, Germany

Cale Smith

Oncor Electric Delivery Company

Fort Worth, Texas

Anne-Marie Sahazizian

Hydro One Networks, Inc.

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

James H. Sosinski (retired)

Consumers Energy

Jackson, Michigan

Mike Stine

TE Energy

Fuquay Varina, North Carolina

Daniel Thanos

GE Energy–Digital Energy

Markham, Ontario, Canada

H. Lee Willis

Quanta Technology

Raleigh, North Carolina

Bartosz Wojszczyk

GE Energy–Digital Energy

Atlanta, Georgia

1-1

1.1  Background

The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing facilities are commonplace projects

in electric utilities. However, due to its complexity, very few utility employees are familiar with the

complete process that allows these projects to be successfully completed. This chapter will attempt to

highlight the major issues associated with these capital-intensive construction projects and provide a

basic understanding of the types of issues that must be addressed during this process.

There are four major types of electric substations. The first type is the switchyard at a generating

station. These facilities connect the generators to the utility grid and also provide off-site power to the

plant. Generator switchyards tend to be large installations that are typically engineered and constructed

by the power plant designers and are subject to planning, finance, and construction efforts different

from those of routine substation projects. Because of their special nature, the creation of power plant

switchyards will not be discussed here, but the expansion and modifications of these facilities generally

follow the same processes as system stations.

The second type of substation, typically known as the customer substation, functions as the main

source of electric power supply for one particular business customer. The technical requirements and

the business case for this type of facility depend highly on the customer’s requirements, more so than on

utility needs; so this type of station will also not be the primary focus of this discussion.

The third type of substation involves the transfer of bulk power across the network and is referred

to as a system station. Some of these stations provide only switching facilities (no power transformers)

whereas others perform voltage conversion as well. These large stations typically serve as the end points

for transmission lines originating from generating switchyards and provide the electrical power for

circuits that feed transformer stations. They are integral to the long-term reliability and integrity of the

electric system and enable large blocks of energy to be moved from the generators to the load centers.

Since these system stations are strategic facilities and usually very expensive to construct and maintain,

these substations will be one of the major focuses of this chapter.

The fourth type of substation is the distribution station. These are the most common facilities in

power electric systems and provide the distribution circuits that directly supply most electric customers.

1

How a Substation Happens

1.1 Background........................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 Need Determination......................................................................... 1-2

1.3 Budgeting ........................................................................................... 1-2

1.4 Financing ........................................................................................... 1-3

1.5 Traditional and Innovative Substation Design............................ 1-3

1.6 Site Selection and Acquisition ........................................................ 1-4

1.7 Design, Construction, and Commissioning Process.................. 1-5

Station Design • Station Construction • Station Commissioning

References...................................................................................................... 1-8

Jim Burke (retired)

Baltimore Gas &

Electric Company

Anne-Marie

Sahazizian

Hydro One Networks, Inc.

1-2 Electric Power Substations Engineering

They are typically located close to the load centers, meaning that they are usually located in or near the

neighborhoods that they supply, and are the stations most likely to be encountered by the customers.

Due to the large number of such substations, these facilities will also be a focus of this chapter.

Depending on the type of equipment used, the substations could be

• Outdoor type with air-insulated equipment

• Indoor type with air-insulated equipment

• Outdoor type with gas-insulated equipment

• Indoor type with gas-insulated equipment

• Mixed technology substations

• Mobile substations

1.2  Need Determination

An active planning process is necessary to develop the business case for creating a substation or for mak￾ing major modifications. Planners, operating and maintenance personnel, asset managers, and design

engineers are among the various employees typically involved in considering such issues in substation

design as load growth, system stability, system reliability, and system capacity; and their evaluations

determine the need for new or improved substation facilities. Customer requirements, such as new fac￾tories, etc., should be considered, as well as customer relations and complaints. In some instances, politi￾cal factors also influence this process, as is the case when reliability is a major issue. At this stage, the

elements of the surrounding area are defined and assessed and a required in-service date is established.

It is usual for utilities to have long-term plans for the growth of their electric systems in order to

meet the anticipated demand. Ten year forecasts are common and require significant input from the

engineering staff. System planners determine the capacities of energy required and the requirements for

shifting load around the system, but engineering personnel must provide cost info on how to achieve the

planners’ goals. Planners conduct studies that produce multiple options and all of these scenarios need

to be priced in order to determine the most economical means of serving the customers.

A basic outline of what is required in what area can be summarized as follows: System requirements

including

• Load growth

• System stability

• System reliability

• System capacity

Customer requirements including

• Additional load

• Power quality

• Reliability

• Customer relations

• Customer complaints

• Neighborhood impact

1.3  Budgeting

Part of the long-range plan involves what bulk power substations need to be created or expanded in

order to move large blocks of energy around the system as necessary and where do they need to be

located. Determinations have to be made as to the suitability of former designs for the area in ques￾tion. To achieve this, most utilities rely on standardized designs and modular costs developed over time,