Đắc thụ ngôn ngữ ở trẻ em: Một số vấn đề lý luận giáo viên ngoại ngữ cần quan tâm =Second language acquisition in children: Principles to take into consideration

Trln Thj Nhi Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 126(12): 225-229

DAC THU NGON NGCT 6 TRE EM: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN GIAO VIEN

NGOAI NG C CA N QUA N TAM

TrSn Thj Nhi'

Khoa Ngoai ngii - DH Thai Nguyen

TOMTAT

Xu thi hien nay trgn ihl gidi la lii'a tudi bit dau hoc ngoai ngii' ngay c^ng sdm hon. Ci Vi^t Nam,

rat nhilu phu huynh ban khoan vdi viec cho con hoc ngoai ngij d lira tudi nao va hpc nhu the nao

la diing each. Bai vilt nay de cap den mpt sd van de ly luan ve dSc thu ngdn ngu thir hat d Ue em, dac

dilm tam sinh ly ciia tre ddi vdi viec hpc ngoai ngir Tren co sd dd, bai bio ciing gai y mot sd phuang

phip day ngoai ngii' phit hop vdi ddi tugng tre em mi giao vi6n day ngoai ngCf can quan tam.

Til' khda: ddc thu ngon ngir. tre em, day hgc ngogi ngQ￾LINH HOI NGON NGO' 0 TRE EM

Thyc te cd vo van cac nghien ciru, cac tranh

lugn cua cac nha khoa hpc ve van de dac thu

ngdn ngif thir hai d tre em. Cac nghien cuu

nay thudng tap trung vao tra ldi can hdi lii'a

tudi nao la thich hgp nhat cho viec hgc them

mgt ngdn ngir thir hai. Cd y kien cho rang, chi

can cd dpng lyc va dieu ki§n thich hgp ve thdi

gian va moi trudng, con ngudi cd the dgt

dugc mirc do thuan thuc ve mgt ngoai ngir d

bk cir lua tudi nao (Met & Phillips, 1999). Cd

nhung nha nghien ctiu, khi so s<inh viec hgc

ngdn ngir ciia tre em va ngudi ldn, cdn cho

rang a mdt sd khia canh nao do, ngudi Idn

cdn cd the hgc nhanh hon tre em (Harley,

trich din trong Met & Phillips, 1999). Tuy

nhien, chinh Met & Phillips (1999) ciing da

vien dan mgt sd nghien ciiu cCia Krashen,

Scarcelly & Long (1982) va Hariey (1988) dk

chi ra rang nhiJng ket luan do chi dya vao ket

qua nghien cii'u tam thdi (short-term study).

Xet vl kit qua nghien ciru lau dai, ngudi bat

dSu hgc ngoai ngif tit liic nhd tudi dat dugc

hieu qua cao hon rat nhieu so vdi nhirng

ngudi bat dau hgc khi da d tudi trudng thanh,

dgc biet cd kha nang dat dugc mirc do phat

am gidng vdi ngudi ban ngir.

Steiner (2008) cdn nhan manh rSng nen cho

tre hgc ngoai ngir cang sdm cang tdt vi nao

Clia chiing giong nhu mgt mieng bgt bien

" Tei 0915 525377. Emad nhitmi@gmail com

tham hilt ngon ngiJ rat nhanh. Mdt ly thuyet

dugc nhieu hgc gia chap nhan la gia thuyet ve

thdi ky quan trgng (critical period hypothesis)

Clia Lenneberg (1967). Theo gia thuyet nay,

mdi loai dgng vat deu cd nhii'ng giai doan

chinh yeu de hoan thien mgt chuc nang sinh

hgc nao dd. Neu giai doan nay bi bd qua, viec

hoan thien ky nang lien quan den giai doan

phat trien sinh hgc quan trgng nay khdng the

thuc hien dugc hoac khdng bao gid dugc

hoan chinh, Ddi vdi con ngudi, giai doan

quan t-gng nhat de hgc ngdn ngd la '."ud'c tudi

day thi, tuc la khoang dudi tudi 15. Ngudi bat

dau hgc ngogi ngQ' sau tudi day thi khd cd the

dgt dugc trinh do phat am va giao tiep hieu

qua nhu ngu'di ban ngif (Bley-Vroman, 1989).

Ngoai ra, cd mdt so nghien ciru cung chting

minh rang nhii'ng dua tre hgc ngoai ngii" d tieu

hgc cdn cd kha nang dat diem so ve mpt so

mdn hgc khac, dac biet la toan hpc, cao hon

nhirng dira tre khdng hpc ngogi ngu' (Wilbum

Robinson, 1998), Lee (1996) cung khSng dinh

rang cd nhieu lgi ich ve mat nhan thirc ddi vdi

tre biet hai thu tieng, vi vay viec bat dau sdm

va hinh thanh qua trinh ITnh hgi hai ngon ngtr

0 tre la can thiet. Ngoai ra, trong mdt nghien

ciru ciia Bergentoft (trich dan trong Met &

Phillips, 1999), qua khao sat vdi 15 qudc gia

phat triln vao nam 1993, 14/15 qudc gia nay

cd dan so bat dau hgc ngogi ngir d miic trung

binh dudi 10 tudi. Hon nii'a, viec ITnh hgi

ngdn ngif la mgt qua trinh lau dai, dac biet

trong bdi canh mgt ngoai ngir chi dugc dgy

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