D yogi goswami, frank kreith handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy

A1

The International

System of Units,

Fundamental

Constants, and

Nitin Goel Conversion Factors

Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.

The International system of units (SI) is based on seven base units. Other derived units can be related to

these base units through governing equations. The base units with the recommended symbols are listed

in Table A1.1. Derived units of interest in solar engineering are given in Table A1.2.

Standard prefixes can be used in the SI system to designate multiples of the basic units and thereby

conserve space. The standard prefixes are listed in Table A1.3.

Table A1.4 lists some physical constants that are frequently used in solar engineering, together with

their values in the SI system of units.

Conversion factors between the SI and English systems for commonly used quantities are given in

Table A1.5.

A1-1

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A1.2 SI Derived Units

Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

Acceleration Meters per second squared m/s2

Area Square meters m2

Density Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity Newton-second per square meter N s/m2

Force Newton (Z1 kg m/s2

) N

Frequency Hertz Hz

Kinematic viscosity Square meter per second m2

/s

Plane angle Radian rad

Potential difference Volt V

Power Watt(Z1 J/s) W

Pressure Pascal (Z1 N/m2

) Pa

Radiant intensity Watts per steradian W/sr

Solid angle Steradian sr

Specific heat Joules per kilogram–Kelvin J/kg K

Thermal conductivity Watts per meter–Kelvin W/m K

Velocity Meters per second m/s

Volume Cubic meter m3

Work, energy, heat Joule (Z1 N/m) J

TABLE A1.3 English Prefixes

Multiplier Symbol Prefix Multiplier Multiplier Symbol

1012 T Tera 103 M (thousand)

109 G Giga 106 MM (million)

106 m Mega

103 k Kilo

102 h Hecto

101 da Deka

10K1 d Deci

10K2 c Centi

10K3 m Milli

10K6 m Micro

10K9 n Nano

10K12 p Pico

10K15 f Femto

10K18 a Atto

TABLE A1.1 The Seven SI Base Units

Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

Length Meter m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second s

Electric current Ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin K

Luminous intensity Candela cd

Amount of a substance Mole mol

A1-2 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A1.4 Physical Constants in SI Units

Quantity Symbol Value

Avogadro constant N 6.022169!1026 kmolK1

Boltzmann constant k 1.380622!10K23 J/K

First radiation constant C1Z2phC2 3.741844!10K16 W m2

Gas constant R 8.31434!103 J/kmol K

Planck constant h 6.626196!10K34 J s

Second radiation constant C2Zhc/k 1.438833!10K2 m K

Speed of light in a vacuum C 2.997925!108 m/s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant s 5.66961!10K8 W/m2 K4

The International System of Units, Fundamental Constants, and Conversion Factors A1-3

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A1.5 Conversion Factors

Physical Quantity Symbol Conversion Factor

Area A 1 ft.2

Z0.0929 m2

1 acreZ43,560 ft.2

Z4047 m2

1 hectareZ10,000 m2

1 square mileZ640 acres

Density r 1 lbm/ft.3

Z16.018 kg/m3

Heat, energy, or work Q or W l BtuZ1055.1 J

1 kWhZ3.6 MJ

1 ThermZ105.506 MJ

l calZ4.186 J

1 ft. lbfZ1.3558 J

Force F 1 lbfZ4.448 N

Heat flow rate, refrigeration q 1 Btu/hZ0.2931 W

1 ton (refrigeration)Z3.517 kW

l Btu/sZ1055.1 W

Heat flux q/A 1 Btu/h ft.2

Z3.1525 W/m2

Heat-transfer coefficient h 1 Btu/h ft.2 FZ5.678 W/m2 K

Length L 1 ft.Z0.3048 m

1 in.Z2.54 cm

1 miZ1.6093 km

Mass m 1 lbmZ0.4536 kg

1 tonZ2240 lbm

1 tonne (metric)Z1000 kg

Mass flow rate m_ 1 lbm/hZ0.000126 kg/s

Power W_ 1 hpZ745.7 W

1 kWZ3415 Btu/h

1 ft. lbf/sZ1.3558 W

1 Btu/hZ0.293 W

Pressure p 1 lbf/in.2 (psi)Z6894.8 Pa (N/m2

)

1 in. HgZ3,386 Pa

1 atmZ101,325 Pa (N/m2

)Z14.696 psi

Radiation l 1 langleyZ41,860 J/m2

1 langley/minZ697.4 W/m2

Specific heat capacity c 1 Btu/lbm 8FZ4187 J/kg K

Internal energy or enthalpy e or h 1 Btu/lbmZ2326.0 J/kg

1 cal/gZ4184 J/kg

Temperature T T(8R)Z(9/5)T(K)

T(8F)Z[T(8C)](9/5)C32

T(8F)Z[T(K)K273.15](9/5)C32

Thermal conductivity k 1 Btu/h ft. 8FZ1.731 W/m K

Thermal resistance Rth 1 h 8F/BtuZ1.8958 K/W

Velocity V 1 ft./sZ0.3048 m/s

1 mi/hZ0.44703 m/s

Viscosity, dynamic m 1 lbm/ft. sZ1.488 N s/m2

1 cPZ0.00100 N s/m2

Viscosity, kinematic n 1 ft.2

/sZ0.09029 m2

/s

1 ft.2

/hZ2.581!10K5 m2

/s

Volume V 1 ft.3

Z0.02832 m3

Z28.32 L

1 barrelZ42 gal (U.S.)

1 gal (U.S. liq.)Z3.785 L

1 gal (U.K.)Z4.546 L

Volumetric flow rate Q_ 1 ft.3

/min (cfia)Z0.000472 m3

/s

1 gal/min (GPM)Z0.0631 l/s

A1-4 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

A2

Nitin Goel Solar Radiation Data

Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.

A2-1

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

FIGURE A2.1 Description of method for calculating true solar time, together with accompanying meteorological

charts, for computing solar-altitude and azimuth angles, (a) Description of method; (b) chart, 258N latitude;

(c) chart, 308N latitude; (d) chart, 358N latitude; (e) chart, 408N latitude; (f) chart, 458N latitude; (g) chart, 508N

latitude. Description and charts reproduced from the “Smithsonian Meteorological Tables” with permission from the

Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.

A2-2 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

West

280

290

300

310

320 NW

330

340

350 10

20

30

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80

100

110

120

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SE 140

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190 South 170

200

210

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240

250

260

SW

East

NE

North

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 p.m.

5 p.m.

4 p.m.

S

O

L

A R

T I M

E

S

O

L

A R

T I M

E

3 p.m. 2 p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m.10 a.m. 9 a.m. 8 a.m. 7 a.m.

6 a.m.

+23.27°

+20°

+15°

+10°

+5°

0°

−5°

−10°

−15°

−20°

−23.27°

West

280

290

300

310

320 NW

330

340

350 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

110

120

130

SE 140

150

160

South 170

(b)

(c) 190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

SW

East

NE

North

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 p.m.

5 p.m.

4 p.m. 3 p.m. 2 p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m. 10 a.m. 9 a.m. 8 a.m. 7 a.m.

6 a.m.

+23.27°

+20°

+15°

+10°

+5°

0°

−5°

−10°

−15°

−20°

−23.27°

Decli￾nation

+23° 27° +20° +15° +10° + 5°

− 5° − 10° − 15° − 20° − 23° 27°

0°

Approx. dates

June 22

May 21, July 24

May 1, Aug. 13

Apr. 16, Aug. 28

Apr. 3, Sept. 10

Mar. 21, Sept. 23

Mar. 8, Oct. 6

Feb. 23, Oct. 20

Feb. 9, Nov. 3

Jan. 21, Nov. 22

Dec. 22

FIGURE A2.1 (continued)

Solar Radiation Data A2-3

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

West

280

290

300

310

320 NW

330

340

350 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

110

120

130

140 SE

150

160

South 170 (d) 190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

SW

East

NE

North

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 p.m.

7 p.m.

5 p.m.

4 p.m.

S

O

L

A R

T I M

E

S

O

L

A R

T I M

E

3 p.m. 2 p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m. 10 a.m. 9 a.m. 8 a.m. 7 a.m.

6 a.m.

5 a.m.

+23.27° +20°

+15°

+10°

+5°

0°

−5°

−10°

−15°

−20°

−23.27°

West

280

290

300

310

320 NW

330

340

350 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

110

120

130

SE 140

150

160

(e) 190 South 170

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

SW

East

NE

North

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 p.m.

7 p.m.

5 p.m.

4 p.m. 3 p.m. 2 p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m.10 a.m. 9 a.m.

8 a.m.

7 a.m.

6 a.m.

5 a.m.

+23.27° +20°

+15°

+10°

+5°

0°

−5°

−10°

−15°

−20°

−23.27°

Decli￾nation

+23° 27° +20° +15° +10° + 5°

− 5° − 10° − 15° − 20°

− 23° 27°

0°

Approx. dates

June 22

May 21, July 24

May 1, Aug. 13

Apr. 16, Aug. 28

Apr. 3, Sept. 10

Mar. 21, Sept. 23

Mar. 8, Oct. 6

Feb. 23, Oct. 20

Feb. 9, Nov. 3

Jan. 21, Nov. 22

Dec. 22

FIGURE A2.1 (continued)

A2-4 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

West

280

290

300

310

320 NW

330

340

350 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

110

120

130

SE 140

150

160

190 South 170

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

SW

East

NE

North

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

60

80

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 p.m.

7 p.m.

5 p.m.

4 p.m.

S

O

L

A R

T I M

E

S

O

L

A R

T I M

E

3 p.m. 2 p.m.1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m.10 a.m. 9 a.m. 8 a.m. 7 a.m.

6 a.m.

5 a.m.

+23.27° +20°

+15°

+10°

+5°

0°

−5°

−10°

−15°

−20°

−23.27°

West

280

290

300

310

320 NW

330

340

350 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

110

120

130

SE 140

150

160

South 170

(f)

(g) 190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

SW

East

NE

North

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

6 p.m.

7 p.m.

8 p.m.

5 p.m.

4 p.m. 3 p.m. 2 p.m. 1 p.m. Noon 11 a.m. 10 a.m. 9 a.m.

8 a.m. 7 a.m.

6 a.m.

5 a.m.

4 a.m.

+23.27° +20°

+15°

+10°

+5°

0°

−5°

−10°

−15°

−20°

−23.27°

Decli￾nation

+23° 27° +20° +15° +10° + 5°

− 5° − 10° − 15° − 20°

− 23° 27°

0°

Approx. dates

June 22

May 21, July 24

May 1, Aug. 13

Apr. 16, Aug. 28

Apr. 3, Sept. 10

Mar. 21, Sept. 23

Mar. 8, Oct. 6

Feb. 23, Oct. 20

Feb. 9, Nov. 3

Jan. 21, Nov. 22

Dec. 22

FIGURE A2.1 (continued)

Solar Radiation Data A2-5

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A2.1 Solar Irradiance for Different Air Masses

Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085 Wavelength a

0 1 4 7 10

0.290 482.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.295 584.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.300 514.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.305 603.0 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.310 689.0 30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.315 764.0 79.4 0.1 0.0 0.0

0.320 830.0 202.6 2.9 0.0 0.0

0.325 975.0 269.5 5.7 0.1 0.0

0.330 1059.0 331.6 10.2 0.3 0.0

0.335 1081.0 383.4 17.1 0.8 0.0

0.340 1074.0 431.3 24.9 1.8 0.1

0.345 1069.0 449.2 33.3 2.5 0.2

0.350 1093.0 480.5 40.8 3.5 0.3

0.355 1083.0 498.0 48.4 4.7 0.5

0.360 1068.0 513.7 57.2 6.4 0.7

0.365 1132.0 561.3 68.4 8.3 1.0

0.370 1181.0 603.5 80.5 10.7 1.4

0.375 1157.0 609.4 89.0 13.0 1.9

0.380 1120.0 608.0 97.2 15.6 2.5

0.385 1098.0 609.8 104.5 17.9 3.1

0.390 1098.0 623.9 114.5 21.0 3.9

0.395 1189.0 691.2 135.8 26.7 5.2

0.400 1429.0 849.9 178.8 37.6 7.9

0.405 1644.0 992.8 218.7 48.2 10.6

0.410 1751.0 1073.7 247.5 57.1 13.2

0.415 1774.0 1104.5 266.5 64.3 15.5

0.420 1747.0 1104.3 278.9 70.4 17.8

0.425 1693.0 1086.5 287.2 78.9 20.1

0.430 1639.0 1067.9 295.4 81.7 22.6

0.435 1663.0 1100.1 318.4 92.2 26.7

0.440 1810.0 1215.5 368.2 111.5 33.8

0.445 1922.0 1310.4 415.3 131.6 41.7

0.450 2006.0 1388.4 460.3 152.6 50.6

0.455 2057.0 1434.8 486.9 165.2 56.1

0.460 2066.0 1452.2 504.4 175.2 60.8

0.465 2048.0 1450.7 515.7 183.3 65.1

0.470 2033.0 1451.2 527.9 192.0 69.8

0.475 2044.0 1470.3 547.3 203.7 75.8

0.480 2074.0 1503.4 572.6 218.1 83.1

0.485 1976.0 1443.3 562.4 219.2 85.4

0.490 1950.0 1435.2 572.2 228.2 91.0

0.495 1960.0 1453.6 592.9 241.9 98.7

0.500 1942.0 1451.2 605.6 252.7 105.5

0.505 1920.0 1440.1 607.6 256.4 108.2

0.510 1882.0 1416.8 604.4 257.8 110.0

0.515 1833.0 1384.9 597.3 257.6 111.1

0.520 1833.0 1390.0 606.1 264.3 115.2

0.525 1852.0 1409.5 621.3 273.9 120.7

0.530 1842.0 1406.9 626.9 279.4 124.5

0.535 1818.0 1393.6 627.7 282.8 127.4

0.540 1783.0 1371.7 624.5 284.4 129.5

0.545 1754.0 1354.2 623.2 286.8 132.0

0.550 1725.0 1336.6 621.7 289.2 134.5

0.555 1720.0 1335.7 625.5 293.0 137.3

(continued)

A2-6 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A2.1 (Continued)

Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085 Wavelength a

0 1 4 7 10

0.560 1695.0 1319.2 622.0 293.3 138.3

0.565 1705.0 1330.0 631.3 299.6 142.2

0.570 1712.0 1338.4 639.5 305.6 146.0

0.575 1719.0 1346.9 647.8 311.6 149.6

0.580 1715.0 1346.7 652.0 315.7 152.8

0.585 1712.0 1347.3 656.6 320.0 156.0

0.590 1700.0 1340.7 657.7 322.6 158.3

0.595 1682.0 1329.4 656.4 324.1 160.0

0.600 1660.0 1319.6 655.8 325.9 162.0

0.605 1647.0 1311.0 661.3 333.6 168.2

0.610 1635.0 1307.9 669.6 342.8 175.5

0.620 1602.0 1294.2 682.4 359.9 189.7

0.630 1570.0 1280.9 695.6 377.8 205.2

0.640 1544.0 1272.1 711.4 397.9 222.5

0.650 1511.0 1257.1 723.9 416.9 240.1

0.660 1486.0 1244.2 730.2 428.6 251.6

0.670 1456.0 1226.8 733.8 438.9 262.5

0.680 1427.0 1209.9 737.4 449.5 273.9

0.690 1402.0 1196.2 742.9 461.3 286.5

0.698 1374.6 1010.3 546.1 311.8 181.6

0.700 1369.0 1175.3 743.7 470.6 297.7

0.710 1344.0 1157.4 739.2 472.1 301.5

0.720 1314.0 1135.1 731.7 471.6 304.0

0.728 1295.5 1003.1 582.3 351.7 212.5

0.730 1290.0 1117.8 727.1 479.0 307.7

0.740 1260.0 1095.1 718.9 471.9 309.8

0.750 1235.0 1076.6 713.2 472.4 313.0

0.762 1205.5 794.0 357.1 163.6 69.1

0.770 1185.0 1039.2 700.8 472.7 318.8

0.780 1159.0 1019.4 693.6 472.0 321.1

0.790 1134.0 1000.3 686.7 471.4 323.6

0.800 1109.0 981.2 679.4 470.5 325.8

0.806 1095.1 874.4 547.7 355.9 234.4

0.825 1048.0 931.6 654.3 459.6 322.8

0.830 1036.0 921.8 649.3 457.3 322.1

0.835 1024.5 912.4 644.4 455.2 321.5

0.846 998.1 476.2 181.0 85.9 44.2

0.860 968.0 506.4 212.0 107.4 58.3

0.870 947.0 453.8 174.7 84.0 43.8

0.875 436.5 449.2 173.4 83.6 43.7

0.887 912.5 448.6 178.3 87.7 46.7

0.900 891.0 448.9 183.7 92.3 50.0

0.907 882.8 455.2 190.9 97.6 53.7

0.915 874.5 461.5 198.5 103.2 57.5

0.925 863.5 279.0 73.6 28.0 12.1

0.930 858.0 221.8 46.9 15.4 6.0

0.940 847.0 313.4 95.0 39.6 18.5

0.950 837.0 296.5 86.3 35.0 16.0

0.955 828.5 321.1 102.3 44.1 21.2

0.965 811.5 344.4 120.4 55.1 27.8

0.975 794.0 576.9 346.0 224.6 150.1

0.985 776.0 544.6 316.1 201.2 132.4

1.018 719.2 617.5 391.0 247.5 156.7

1.082 620.0 512.9 290.4 164.4 93.1

(continued)

Solar Radiation Data A2-7

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A2.1 (Continued)

Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085 Wavelength a

0 1 4 7 10

1.094 602.0 464.1 303.1 210.8 149.9

1.098 596.0 503.7 304.1 183.6 110.9

1.101 591.8 504.8 362.7 267.3 198.8

1.128 560.5 135.1 27.7 9.1 3.6

1.131 557.0 152.2 35.3 12.6 5.3

1.137 550.1 143.1 31.7 11.0 4.5

1.144 542.0 191.2 57.4 24.2 11.6

1.147 538.5 174.5 48.2 19.3 8.8

1.178 507.0 399.3 195.1 95.4 46.6

1.189 496.0 402.2 214.5 114.4 61.0

1.193 492.0 424.0 310.8 233.3 176.6

1.222 464.3 391.8 235.3 141.3 84.9

1.236 451.2 390.8 254.1 165.2 107.4

1.264 426.5 329.2 209.7 140.0 94.3

1.276 416.7 342.6 238.6 172.6 126.3

1.288 406.8 347.3 216.1 134.4 83.7

1.314 386.1 298.3 137.6 63.5 29.3

1.335 369.7 190.6 85.0 46.7 27.7

1.384 343.7 5.7 0.1 0.0 0.0

1.432 321.0 44.6 5.4 1.3 0.4

1.457 308.6 85.4 20.6 7.7 3.3

1.472 301.4 77.4 17.4 6.2 2.6

1.542 270.4 239.3 165.9 115.0 79.7

1.572 257.3 222.6 168.1 130.4 102.1

1.599 245.4 216.0 166.7 131.5 104.5

1.608 241.5 208.5 157.4 122.1 95.7

1.626 233.6 206.7 160.7 127.5 101.9

1.644 225.6 197.9 152.4 120.1 95.5

1.650 223.0 195.7 150.9 119.1 94.7

1.676 212.1 181.9 114.8 72.4 45.7

1.732 187.9 161.5 102.5 65.1 41.3

1.782 166.6 136.7 75.6 41.8 23.1

1.862 138.2 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

1.955 112.9 42.7 14.5 6.8 3.6

2.008 102.0 69.4 35.8 17.7 6.4

2.014 101.2 74.7 45.5 28.8 17.8

2.057 95.6 69.5 41.3 25.3 14.8

2.124 87.4 70.0 35.9 18.4 9.5

2.156 83.8 66.0 32.3 15.8 7.7

2.201 78.9 66.1 49.1 38.0 29.7

2.266 72.4 61.6 46.8 36.8 29.3

2.320 67.6 57.2 43.2 33.8 26.8

2.338 66.3 54.7 39.9 30.4 23.4

2.356 65.1 52.0 36.3 26.5 19.6

2.388 62.8 36.0 18.7 11.7 7.8

2.415 61.0 32.5 15.8 9.4 6.0

2.453 58.3 29.6 13.7 7.9 5.0

2.494 55.4 20.3 6.8 3.2 1.7

2.537 52.4 4.6 0.4 0.1 0.0

2.900 35.0 2.9 0.2 0.0 0.0

2.941 33.4 6.0 1.0 0.3 0.1

2.954 32.8 5.7 0.9 0.3 0.1

2.973 32.1 8.7 2.2 0.9 0.4

3.005 30.8 7.8 1.8 0.7 0.3

(continued)

A2-8 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A2.1 (Continued)

Air Mass; aZ0.66; bZ0.085 Wavelength a

0 1 4 7 10

3.045 28.8 4.7 0.7 0.2 0.1

3.056 28.2 4.9 0.8 0.2 0.1

3.097 26.2 3.2 0.4 0.1 0.0

3.132 24.9 6.8 1.7 0.7 0.3

3.156 24.1 18.7 12.6 8.9 6.3

3.204 22.5 2.1 0.2 0.0 0.0

3.214 22.1 3.4 0.5 0.1 0.0

3.245 21.1 3.9 0.7 0.2 0.1

3.260 20.6 3.7 0.6 0.2 0.1

3.285 19.7 14.2 8.5 5.1 2.8

3.317 18.8 12.9 6.9 3.5 1.3

3.344 18.1 4.2 0.9 0.3 0.1

3.403 16.5 12.3 7.8 5.1 3.2

3.450 15.6 12.5 8.9 6.7 5.0

3.507 14.5 12.5 9.9 8.1 6.7

3.538 14.2 11.8 8.8 6.9 5.5

3.573 13.8 10.9 5.4 2.6 1.3

3.633 13.1 10.8 8.3 6.7 5.5

3.673 12.6 9.1 6.1 4.6 3.5

3.696 12.3 10.4 8.2 6.7 5.6

3.712 12.2 10.9 9.0 7.6 6.5

3.765 11.5 9.5 7.2 5.9 4.8

3.812 11.0 8.9 6.7 5.4 4.4

3.888 10.4 8.1 5.6 4.0 2.9

3.923 10.1 8.0 5.6 4.2 3.1

3.948 9.9 7.8 5.5 4.0 3.0

4.045 9.1 6.7 4.1 2.6 1.5

Total Wm3 1353 889.2 448.7 255.2 153.8

W/m2 mm; H2O 20 mm; O3 3.4 mm. a The parameters a and b are measures of turbidity of the atmosphere. They are used in the atmospheric transmittance

equation tatmZe

KðC1CC2 Þm ; C1 includes Rayleigh and ozone attenuation; C2 hb=la

.

Source: From Thekaekara, M. P. 1974. The Energy Crisis and Energy from the Sun. Institute for Environmental Sciences.

Solar Radiation Data A2-9

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A2.2 Monthly Averaged, Daily Extraterrestrial Insolation on a Horizontal Surface (Units: Wh/m2)

Latitude (deg) January February March April May June July August September October November December

20 7415 8397 9552 10,422 10,801 10,868 10,794 10,499 9791 8686 7598 7076

25 6656 7769 9153 10,312 10,936 11,119 10,988 10,484 9494 8129 6871 6284

30 5861 7087 8686 10,127 11,001 11,303 11,114 10,395 9125 7513 6103 5463

35 5039 6359 8153 9869 10,995 11,422 11,172 10,233 8687 6845 5304 4621

40 4200 5591 7559 9540 10,922 11,478 11,165 10,002 8184 6129 4483 3771

45 3355 4791 6909 9145 10,786 11,477 11,099 9705 7620 5373 3648 2925

50 2519 3967 6207 8686 10,594 11,430 10,981 9347 6998 4583 2815 2100

55 1711 3132 5460 8171 10,358 11,352 10,825 8935 6325 3770 1999 1320

60 963 2299 4673 7608 10,097 11,276 10,657 8480 5605 2942 1227 623

65 334 1491 3855 7008 9852 11,279 10,531 8001 4846 2116 544 97

A2-10 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

TABLE A2.3a Worldwide Global Horizontal Average Solar Radiation (Units: MJ/sq.m-day)

Position Lat Long January February March April May June July August September October November December

Argentina

Buenos Aires 34.58 S 58.48 W 24.86 21.75 18.56 11.75 8.71 7.15 7.82 8.75 14.49 16.66 24.90 21.93

Australia

Adelaide 34.93 S 138.52 E 20.99 17.50 20.15 18.27 17.98 — 18.81 19.64 20.11 20.88 20.57 20.72

Brisbane 27.43 S 153.08 E 25.36 22.22 13.25 16.61 12.23 11.52 9.70 15.10 17.61 19.89 — —

Canberra 35.30 S 148.18 E 28.20 24.68 20.56 14.89 10.29 6.62 — 12.33 16.88 24.06 26.00 25.77

Darwin 12.47 S 130.83 E 26.92 23.40 18.13 13.62 9.30 7.89 9.41 11.15 14.85 18.87 23.43 22.34

Hobart 42.88 S 147.32 E — — — 10.09 7.26 6.04 5.72 9.21 13.54 18.12 — —

Laverton 37.85 S 114.08 E 22.96 20.42 15.59 13.40 7.48 6.10 6.54 10.43 13.24 18.76 — —

Sydney 33.87 S 151.20 E 21.09 21.75 17.63 13.63 9.78 8.79 7.62 12.84 16.93 22.10 — —

Austria

Wien 48.20 N 16.57 E 3.54 7.10 8.05 14.72 16.79 20.87 19.89 17.27 12.55 8.45 3.51 2.82

Innsbruck 47.27 N 11.38 E 5.57 9.28 10.15 15.96 14.57 17.65 18.35 17.26 12.98 9.08 4.28 3.50

Barbados

Husbands 13.15 N 59.62 W 19.11 20.23 — 21.80 19.84 20.86 21.55 22.14 — — 18.30 16.56

Belgium

Ostende 51.23 N 2.92 E 2.82 5.75 9.93 15.18 16.74 16.93 18.21 18.29 11.71 6.15 2.69 1.97

Melle 50.98 N 3.83 E 2.40 4.66 8.41 13.55 14.23 13.28 15.71 15.61 10.63 5.82 2.40 1.59

Brunei

Brunei 4.98 N 114.93 E 19.46 20.12 22.71 20.54 19.74 18.31 19.38 20.08 20.83 17.51 17.39 18.12

Bulgaria

Chirpan 42.20 N 25.33 E 6.72 6.79 8.54 13.27 17.25 17.39 19.85 14.61 12.53 8.52 5.08 5.09

Sofia 42.65 N 23.38 E 4.05 6.23 7.93 9.36 12.98 19.73 19.40 17.70 14.71 6.44 — 3.14

Canadaa

Montreal 45.47 N 73.75 E 4.74 8.33 11.84 10.55 15.05 22.44 21.08 18.67 14.83 9.18 4.04 4.01

Ottawa 45.32 N 75.67 E 5.34 9.59 13.33 13.98 20.18 20.34 19.46 17.88 13.84 7.38 4.64 5.04

Toronto 43.67 N 79.38 E 4.79 8.15 11.96 14.00 18.16 24.35 23.38 — 15.89 9.40 4.72 3.79

Vancouver 49.18 N 123.17 E 3.73 4.81 12.14 16.41 20.65 24.04 22.87 19.08 12.77 7.39 4.29 1.53

Chile

Pascua 27.17 S 109.43 W 19.64 16.65 — 11.12 9.52 8.81 10.90 12.29 17.19 20.51 21.20 22.44

Santiago 33.45 S 70.70 W 18.61 16.33 13.44 8.32 5.07 3.66 3.35 5.65 8.15 13.62 20.14 23.88

China

Beijing 39.93 N 116.28 W 7.73 10.59 13.87 17.93 20.18 18.65 15.64 16.61 15.52 11.29 7.25 6.89

Guangzhou 23.13 N 113.32 E 11.01 6.32 4.04 7.89 10.53 12.48 16.14 16.02 15.03 15.79 11.55 9.10

(continued)

Solar Radiation Data A2-11

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC