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CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics
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CRC Handbook
of
Chemistry and Physics
97th Edition
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CRC Handbook
of
Chemistry and Physics
A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data
2016-2017
EDITION
97th
Editor-in-Chief
W. M. Haynes, Ph.D.
Scientist Emeritus
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Associate Editors
David R. Lide, Ph.D.
Former Director, Standard Reference Data
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Thomas J. Bruno, Ph.D.
Group Leader
National Institute of Standards and Technology
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20160408
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-5429-3 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
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WILLIAM M. HAYNES (1943-2016)
A Tribute to the Editor-in-Chief
As the final touches were being put on the 97th Edition, our
Editor-in-Chief, Dr. William M. (Mickey) Haynes, succumbed to
cancer at the age of 73. His final months were difficult, yet he
remained committed to the highest quality and integrity in scientific knowledge.
Dr. Haynes joined the National Bureau of Standards (now the
National Institute of Standards and Technology) in 1970 after
completing his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Virginia. In
1972 he became a permanent staff member and was involved
in research on measurements and correlations of the thermophysical properties of fluids and fluid mixtures of scientific and
industrial interest. He was responsible for the development of
state-of-the-art apparatus for measurement of both transport
and thermodynamic properties of fluids. These instruments were
used for property measurements at low and high temperatures
and at extreme pressures, measurements that were crucial for the
development of empirical and theoretical models for the prediction of fluid properties. Indeed, the integrated approach of high
precision measurement combined with precise equation of state
correlation, the hallmark of NIST fluid property research today,
was due in large part to the foresight of Mickey Haynes.
Mickey’s research background made him an ideal candidate to
take over the editorship of this book from Dr. David Lide’s distinguished tenure. I first met Mickey in 2008, at an ACS national
meeting in New Orleans, as he was preparing to take over from
Dr. Lide. It was the beginning of a collaboration and friendship
that was all too short. His term as Editor-in-Chief began with the
91st edition, which published in 2010, and will end with publication of this edition. Over this period Mickey instigated a program for verifying physical data held in the Handbook versus the
Thermodynamics Research Center database at NIST. His reputation for precision measurements of thermophysical properties
and his regard for the importance of making such data available
found a natural home in the Handbook, and resulted in the overhaul of some of the most important and frequently used tables. He
also took the opportunity to reorganize other sections to make
them more useful for the reader, and he added several new tables
to the Analytical Chemistry and Health and Safety sections.
Mickey was always such a positive force, and he remained optimistic to the end. The last time I spoke to him was a few days
before he passed away. Even though it was clear that his health
would not improve, he was still working on the final page proofs.
That to me is a testament to Mickey’s diligence and perfectionism, and I hope the publication of the 97th edition will be a fitting
tribute to his legacy.
Fiona Macdonald
Publisher, CRC Press
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Grace Baysinger
Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library
Stanford University
Lev I. Berger
California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science
Michael Frenkel
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Robert N. Goldberg
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Kozo Kuchitsu
Department of Chemistry
Josai University
Dana L. Roth
Millikan Library
California Institute of Technology
Daniel Zwillinger
Mathematics Department
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
PREFACE
This 97th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics is the first to be produced by a new procedure in which
the full content is maintained in a database from which both the
print version and the Internet edition are generated. This will
assure that chemical names, formulas, and basic physical properties are consistent throughout the work. Thus if a melting point
or density is replaced by a more accurate value, the new value
will be propagated into all tables containing that substance. We
believe this is an important step in maintaining the reputation of
the CRC Handbook as a source for the most current information
available.
In the process of creating this master database, many small
updates have been made throughout the book. In addition, several major updates and expansions have been made in this edition. These include:
• CODATA Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
– The new set of CODATA constants, which will be the
basis of the upcoming revision of the basic international
standards of measurement
• Standard Atomic Weights – 2015 changes made by IUPAC
• Atomic Masses and Abundances – Update of isotopic
abundances
• Surface Tension of Common Liquids – Addition of new
compounds and updates of values
• Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry –
Expansion to cover colorimetry and refractometry
• Photon Attenuation Coefficients – Addition of absorption
edge data
• Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation – Update with
modern terminology
• Astronomical Constants – Update with new IAU recommended constants
• Solar System Properties – Addition of newly discovered
satellites of the planets
• Interstellar Molecules – Complete list of molecules
observed in space to date
• Major World Earthquakes – Update through 2015
• Atmospheric Concentration of CO2 – Update through 2015
• Global Temperature Trend - Update through 2015
• Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of
Laboratory Hazards – Expansion
• Relative Dose Ranges from Ionizing Radiation – Expansion
• Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants – Update to
2015 recommendations
• Chemical Carcinogens – Inclusion of 2015 recommendations of the National Toxicology Program
Two new topics were added in the 97th Edition:
• Surface Active Chemicals – Table of properties of the most
important surfactants (solubility, physical constants, critical
micelle concentration, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, etc.)
• Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines – Definition of terms in
nanoscience; guidelines for safe handling and disposal
The Index to the CRC Handbook covers properties, processes,
general concepts, and classes of substances. Space does not permit an index to individual chemical compounds, but the Internet
Edition provides searching for compounds on the basis of name,
synonym, molecular formula, CAS Registry Number, or structure.
For the book edition, indexes to the tables “Physical Constants
of Organic Compounds” and “Physical Constants of Inorganic
Compounds” are available in PDF form by e-mail request to fiona.
The success of the Handbook is very dependent on feedback
from its users. The Editor-in-Chief appreciates any suggestions
from readers on proposed new topics for the Handbook or comments on how the usefulness of the Handbook may be improved
in future editions. Please send your comments to fiona.macdon[email protected].
Numerous international experts make key contributions to the
Handbook. These contributors are listed on pages immediately
following the Preface. Their efforts play a key role in the quality
and diversity of the subject matter covered in the Handbook. The
sound advice and guidance of the Editorial Advisory Board members, who are listed in the front matter, is very much appreciated.
Fiona Macdonald, Publisher – Chemical & Life Sciences, CRC
Press/Taylor & Francis Group has been of great assistance and
support in providing oversight to ensure that the Handbook continues to satisfy the needs of the user community. Thanks are also
due to Linda Manis Leggio, Pam Morrell, Theresa Gutierrez, and
James Yanchak for their detailed, cooperative work and extreme
care in the production of the Handbook. Special thanks are due to
Chris Muzny and Thomas Bruno for their assistance in support
of the Editor-in-Chief.
Finally, it is with deep regret that I must report the passing
of W. M. (Mickey) Haynes, Editor-in-Chief, during the preparation of this edition. During his seven years as Editor he guided
the CRC Handbook into new scientific areas and continued the
emphasis on the highest quality of scientific information. He was
a successful leader as the book entered its second century.
David R. Lide
April 2016
The 97th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated
to the memory of W. M. (Mickey) Haynes, Editor-in-Chief, 2010-2016
CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS
Ian H. Bell
Applied Chemistry and Materials Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Lev I. Berger
California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science
2115 Flame Tree Way
Hemet, California 92545
Peter E. Bradley
Applied Chemistry and Materials Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Thomas J. Bruno
Applied Chemistry and Materials Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Charles E. Carraher
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida 33431
Jin-Pei Cheng
Ministry of Science and Technology
Beijing 100862, China
Robert D. Chirico
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Ivan Cibulka
Department of Physical Chemistry
Institute of Chemical Technology
CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
Christopher J. Cramer
Department of Chemistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Vladimir Diky
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Michael Frenkel
14809 Glen Eden Drive
Naples, Florida 34110
Jeffrey R. Fuhr
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Robert N. Goldberg
Biochemical Science Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Thomas W. Grove
Boulder Safety, Health, and Environmental Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Allan H. Harvey
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Steven R. Heller
Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Norman E. Holden
National Nuclear Data Center
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York 11973
Marcia L. Huber
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Andrei Kazakov
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Daniel E. Kelleher
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Carolyn A. Koh
Center for Hydrate Research
Colorado School of Mines
1600 Illinois Street
Golden, Colorado 80401
Eric W. Lemmon
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
David R. Lide
13901 Riding Loop Drive
North Potomac, Maryland 20878
Frank J. Lovas
Sensor Sciences Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Yu-Ran Luo
Department of Chemistry
Shanghai University
Shanghai 200444, China
Serguei N. Lvov
Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Manjeera Mantina
Department of Chemistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Alan D. McNaught
8 Cavendish Avenue
Cambridge CB1 7US
England
Thomas M. Miller
Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP
29 Randolph Road
Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
Nasser Moazzen-Ahmadi
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of Calgary
2500 University Drive NW
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
Peter J. Mohr
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Chris D. Muzny
Thermodynamics Research Center
Applied Chemicals and Materials Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
David B. Newell
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Irving Ozier
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of British Columbia
6224 Agricultural Road
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
Larissa I. Podobedova
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Cedric J. Powell
Materials Measurement Science Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Ray Radebaugh
Applied Chemicals and Materials Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Joseph Reader
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Anthony J. Remijan
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
520 Edgemont Road
Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
E. Dendy Sloan
Center for Hydrate Research
Colorado School of Mines
1600 Illinois Street
Golden, Colorado 80401
Lewis E. Snyder
Astronomy Department
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Paris D. N. Svoronos
Queensborough Community College
City University of New York
Bayside, New York 11364
Barry N. Taylor
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Donald G. Truhlar
Department of Chemistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Rosendo Valero
Chemistry Department
University of Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
Wolfgang L. Wiese
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Christian Wohlfarth
Martin Luther University
Institute of Physical Chemistry
Mühlpforte 1
06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
Daniel Zwillinger
Mathematics Department
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York 12180
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1: BASIC CONSTANTS, UNITS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014 .................................................................................1-1
Standard Atomic Weights................................................................................................................................................................................1-10
Atomic Masses and Abundances .................................................................................................................................................................. 1-12
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State....................................................................1-16
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)....................................................................................................................................1-17
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90...............................................................................................1-18
International System of Units (SI)................................................................................................................................................................. 1-20
Units for Magnetic Properties........................................................................................................................................................................ 1-24
Conversion Factors........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1-25
Conversion of Temperatures.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-35
Conversion Factors for Energy Units............................................................................................................................................................ 1-36
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units......................................................................................................................................................... 1-36
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units................................................................................................................................ 1-37
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units................................................................................................................................... 1-37
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions.............................................................................................................................. 1-38
Descriptive Terms for Solubility.................................................................................................................................................................... 1-38
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics.................................................................................................................................................. 1-39
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation .................................................................................................................................................1-40
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems.............................................................................................................................1-42
Section 2: SYMBOLS, TERMINOLOGY, AND NOMENCLATURE
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities .......................................................................................................... 2-1
Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements............................................................................................................................................. 2-13
Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds................................................................................................................................................... 2-15
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands ......................................................................................................................................... 2-16
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems......................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)........................................... 2-27
Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols.................................................................................................................................... 2-29
Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets.......................................................................................................................................................2-43
Definitions of Scientific Terms......................................................................................................................................................................2-44
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations ..................................................................................................................................................2-69
Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics................................................................................................................................................. 2-70
Section 3: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds................................................................................................................................................. 3-1
Synonym Index of Organic Compounds...................................................................................................................................................3-554
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds..............................................................................................................3-576
Section 4: PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
The Elements........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4-1
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds............................................................................................................................................4-43
CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds.........................................................................................................................4-97
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals...........................................................................................................................................4-109
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements............................................................................................................... 4-116
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C......................................................................................................................................................4-119
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations..........................................................................................................................4-120
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data....................................................................................................................................4-122
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts...........................................................................................................................4-124
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds.................................................................................................4-126
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids...................................................................................................................................................4-132
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals............................................................................................................................................4-133
Crystallographic Data on Minerals............................................................................................................................................................4-139
Section 5: THERMOCHEMISTRY, ELECTROCHEMISTRY, AND SOLUTION CHEMISTRY
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics ................................................................................................................................................. 5-1
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances............................................................................................................... 5-3
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature ....................................................................................................................5-43
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions.............................................................................................................................................5-65
Heat of Combustion .........................................................................................................................................................................................5-67
Energy Content of Fuels ..................................................................................................................................................................................5-68
Ionization Constant of Water.........................................................................................................................................................................5-69
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water .................................................................................................................................... 5-70
Electrical Conductivity of Water................................................................................................................................................................... 5-70
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions ........................................................................................................................................... 5-71
Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells...................................................................................................................5-72
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI...........................................................................................................................5-73
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution ............................................................................................................... 5-74
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution.............................................................................................................................. 5-75
Electrochemical Series..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-78
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals...............................................................................................................5-85
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases.............................................................................................................................5-87
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................5-88
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts..........................................................................................................................................5-98
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration .....................................................................................5-100
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids.......................................................................................................................................................................5-107
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes ...........................................................................................................................................................5-108
Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases...................................................................................................................................................................5-109
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions ..................................................................................................................................................................5-113
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C ............................................................................................................................ 5-117
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions...................................................................................................................................... 5-118
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water.........................................................................................................................................................5-134
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures.............................................................................5-136
Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds.........................................................................................5-137
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures ...........................................................................................5-167
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients........................................................................................................................................................5-173
Solubility Product Constants.......................................................................................................................................................................5-177
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures......................................................................................................................... 5-179
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater ....................................................................................................................................................5-180
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water..............................................................................................................5-182
Solubility Chart...............................................................................................................................................................................................5-184
Section 6: FLUID PROPERTIES
Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam ......................................................................................................................................... 6-1
Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water.......................................................................................................................6-5
Standard Density of Water................................................................................................................................................................................ 6-7
Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O........................................................................................................................................................6-9
Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O.............................................................................................................................................................. 6-10
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water....................................................................................................................................................6-12
Vapor Pressure of Ice........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6-13
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure........................................................................................................................................... 6-14
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies.................................................................................................... 6-15
Thermophysical Properties of Air................................................................................................................................................................. 6-16
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids............................................................................................................................................................6-22
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation ..................................................................................................................6-39
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases............................................................................................................................................................6-48
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases......................................................................................................................................6-65
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points.....................................................................................................................................................6-66
Critical Constants of Organic Compounds................................................................................................................................................6-67
Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds.............................................................................................................................................6-91
Sublimation Pressure of Solids ......................................................................................................................................................................6-94
Vapor Pressure...................................................................................................................................................................................................6-97
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K.........................................................................................................................6-127
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions...............................................................................................................................................6-136
Recommended Data for Vapor-Pressure Calibration .............................................................................................................................6-137
Enthalpy of Vaporization...............................................................................................................................................................................6-138
Enthalpy of Fusion ..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-154
Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids........................................................................................................................6-164
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density...................................................................................................................6-166
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions .......................................................................................................... 6-171
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids.....................................................................................................................................................................6-172
Properties of Liquid Helium.........................................................................................................................................................................6-173
Properties of Refrigerants............................................................................................................................................................................. 6-174
Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates.........................................................................................................................................................6-177
Ionic Liquids ....................................................................................................................................................................................................6-182
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury..................................................................................................................................................6-186
Thermal Properties of Mercury ...................................................................................................................................................................6-187
Melting Curve of Mercury............................................................................................................................................................................6-188
Vapor Pressure of Mercury...........................................................................................................................................................................6-189
Surface Tension of Common Liquids ........................................................................................................................................................6-190
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures.......................................................................................................................................................6-195
Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants) ....................................................................................................................................................6-196
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids...........................................................................................................................................6-199
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases..............................................................................................................................................6-221
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures........................................................................................................................................................6-222
Viscosity of Gases...........................................................................................................................................................................................6-241
Viscosity of Liquids........................................................................................................................................................................................6-243
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions........................................................................................................................6-248
Viscosity of Liquid Metals............................................................................................................................................................................6-249
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line.........................................................................................................................6-251
Thermal Conductivity of Gases...................................................................................................................................................................6-252
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids................................................................................................................................................................6-254
Diffusion in Gases...........................................................................................................................................................................................6-259
Diffusion of Gases in Water..........................................................................................................................................................................6-261
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution.............................................................................................................................6-262
Section 7: BIOCHEMISTRY
Properties of Amino Acids ................................................................................................................................................................................7-1
Structures of Common Amino Acids .............................................................................................................................................................7-3
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases ................................................................................................................................................. 7-5
The Genetic Code................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-6
Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters.......................................................................................................................................7-7
Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl and Ethyl Esters Related to Biofuels.................................................................................................... 7-9
Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats.......................................................................................................................... 7-13
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols............................................................................................................................................................... 7-20
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants.............................................................................. 7-22
Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions.................................................................................................... 7-24
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water................................................................................... 7-28
Biological Buffers.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-31
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods .............................................................................................................................. 7-32
Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs................................................................................................................................... 7-33
Chemical Constituents of Human Blood .................................................................................................................................................... 7-50
Chemical Composition of the Human Body............................................................................................................................................... 7-52
Nutrient Values of Foods................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-53
Section 8: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry...................................................................................................................... 8-1
Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry .........................................................................................................................8-6
Analytical Standardization and Calibration............................................................................................................................................... 8-10
Figures of Merit................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8-16
Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units ........................................................................................................................................ 8-17
Detection of Outliers in Measurements...................................................................................................................................................... 8-18
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography ............................................................................................................................. 8-19
Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams.......................................................................8-20
Stationary Phases for Porous-Layer Open Tubular Columns................................................................................................................. 8-21
Coolants for Cryotrapping..............................................................................................................................................................................8-22
Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases.........................................................................................................8-23
Detectors for Gas Chromatography .............................................................................................................................................................8-24
Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry...........................................................................................8-26
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents........................................................................................................................................................8-28
Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices.................................................................................................................................................... 8-31
Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane ......................................................................................................8-33
Instability of HPLC Solvents..........................................................................................................................................................................8-34
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography ........................................................................................................................................................8-35
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry...............................................................................................................................................8-36
Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities.........................................................................................................................8-37
Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table .............................................................................................................................................8-40
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts..........................................................................................................................8-43
Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands.........................................................................................................................................8-49
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy .........................................................................................8-50
Properties of Important NMR Nuclei ..........................................................................................................................................................8-53
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................8-54
Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups..............................................................................................8-60
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Liquids.....................................................................................................................................8-61 13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups................................................................................................................................8-67 13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents ......................................................................................................................8-68 15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families .........................................................................................................................8-69
Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes................................................................................................................................................. 8-71
Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families..........................................................................8-72
Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost .................................................................................................................................................... 8-74
Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine) ...................................... 8-75
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Liquids................................................................................................................................... 8-76
Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers...............................................................................................................8-83
Chlorine–Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities...............................................................................................................................8-84
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo ....................................................................................................................................................8-85
Standards for Laboratory Weights................................................................................................................................................................8-86
Indicators for Acids and Bases.......................................................................................................................................................................8-88
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents................................................................................................................................................8-89
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions ...............................................................................................8-94
Precipitation of Sulfides.................................................................................................................................................................................8-107
pH Range for Precipitation of Metal Hydroxides and Oxides ..............................................................................................................8-108
Section 9: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND SPECTROSCOPY
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds..................................................................................................................................... 9-1
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds ......................................................................................................................................... 9-17
Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase............................................................................................................................................ 9-19
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules........................................................................................................................................9-56
Atomic Radii of the Elements.........................................................................................................................................................................9-57
Dipole Moments................................................................................................................................................................................................9-59
Hindered Internal Rotation ............................................................................................................................................................................9-68
Bond Dissociation Energies............................................................................................................................................................................ 9-73
Electronegativity .............................................................................................................................................................................................9-103
Force Constants for Bond Stretching.........................................................................................................................................................9-104
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules...................................................................................................................9-105
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules....................................................................................................................................9-107
Section 10: ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS
Line Spectra of the Elements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 10-1
Atomic Transition Probabilities..................................................................................................................................................................10-93
Electron Affinities.........................................................................................................................................................................................10-147
Proton Affinities............................................................................................................................................................................................10-170
Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities....................................................................................................................................................10-188
Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions.....................................................................................................................................10-204
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules..........................................................................................................................................10-207
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels......................................................................................................................................................................10-225
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements.............................................................................................................................................10-229
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines....................................................................................................................................................................10-235
Photon Attenuation Coefficients...............................................................................................................................................................10-236
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation...........................................................................................................................................10-242
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths......................................................................................................10-244
Blackbody Radiation.....................................................................................................................................................................................10-245
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors......................................................................................................................................................10-247
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals...............................................................................................................................................10-248
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses ........................................................................................................10-252
Index of Refraction of Water......................................................................................................................................................................10-253
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes.....................................................................................................................10-254
Index of Refraction of Air...........................................................................................................................................................................10-255