Conservation biology of hawaiian forest birds: implications for island avifauna

EDITED BY

THANE K. PRATT,

CARTER T. ATKINSON,

PAUL C. BANKO,

JAMES D. JACOBI &

BETHANY L. WOODWORT H

Conservatio n

Biolog y o f

Hawaiia n

Fores t Bird s

Implication s fo r Islan d Avifaun a

DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN

TRUNGTA M HOC LIE U

YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS

NEW HAVEN & LONDON

Published with assistance from the United Scates

Geological Survey Headquarters, Reston, Virginia

Copyright © 2009 by Yale University.

All rights reserved.

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part,

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Set in Joanna by Princeton Editorial Associates, Inc..

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Printed in the United State of America by Sheridan Books

Library of Congress Control Number: 20099281 76

ISBN 978-0-300-14108-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the

British Library.

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO

Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

10 9876S432 1

Content s Foreword

J. MICHAEL SCOTT

Preface

THANE K. PRATT

Acknowledgments

PART 1 INTRODUCTION:

ORIGINS, HISTORIC DECLINE,

AND CULTURE

ONE Origins and Evolution

THANE K. PRATT

TWO Historic Decline

and Extinction

WINSTON E. BANKO AND

PAUL C. BANKO

THREE Hawaiian Culture

and Forest Birds

VERNA L. U. AMANTE-HELWEG

AND SHEILA CONANT

PART 2 STATUS, BIOLOGY,

AND LIMITING FACTORS

FOUR Monitoring Hawaiian

Forest Birds

RICHARD J. CAMP,

MICHELLE H. REYNOLDS,

BETHANY L. WOODWORTH,

P. MARCOS GORRESEN, AND

THANE K. PRATT

FIVE Status and Trends of

Native Hawaiian Songbirds

P. MARCOS GORRESEN,

RICHARD J. CAMP,

MICHELLE H. REYNOLDS,

BETHANY L. WOODWORTH,

AND THANE K. PRATT

Vi CONTENTS

FOURTEEN Modeling the

1 3 7 Epidemiology of Avian Malaria

and Pox

JORGE A. AHUMADA,

MICHAEL D. SAMUEL,

DAVID C. DUFFY,

159 ANDREW P. DOBSON,

AND PETER H. F. HOBBELEN

six Loss, Degradation, and

Persistence of Habitats

LINDA W. PRATT AND

JAMES D. JACOBI

SEVEN Evolution and Ecology

of Food Exploitation

PAUL C. BANKO AND

WINSTON E. BANKO

EIGHT Life History and

Demography 194

BETHANY L. WOODWORTH

AND THANE K. PRATT

NINE Ecology and Pathogenicity

of Avian Malaria and Pox 234

CARTER T. ATKINSON AND

DENNIS A. LAPOINTE

TEN Genetics and Conservation 253

SUSAN I . JARVI,

ROBERT C. FLEISCHER,

AND LORI S. EGGERT

PART 3 APPLYING RESEARCH

TO MANAGEMENT

FIFTEEN Preventing Establishment

and Spread of Invasive Species:

Current Status and Needs 359

LLOYD L. LOOPE AND

FRED KRAUS

SIXTEEN Protecting Forest Bird

Populations across Landscapes 3 81

JONATHAN P. PRICE,

JAMES D. JACOBI, LINDA W. PRATT,

FREDRICK R. WARSHAUER, AND

CLIFFORD W. SMITH

ELEVEN Small Mammals

as Predators and Competitors 274

GERALD D. LINDSEY,

STEVEN C. HESS ,

EARL W. CAMPBELL III,

AND ROBERT T. SUGIHARA

TWELVE The Ecology and

Conservation of Hawaiian Raptors 293

JOHN L. KLAVITTER

THIRTEEN The History and

Impact of Introduced Birds 3 12

JEFFREY T. FOSTER

SEVENTEEN Managing Disease 405

DENNIS A. LAPOINTE,

CARTER T. ATKINSON, AND

SUSAN I . JARVI

EIGHTEEN Controlling Small

Mammals 425

STEVEN C. HESS,

CATHERINE E. SWIFT,

EARL W. CAMPBELL III ,

ROBERT T. SUGIHARA,

AND GERALD D. LINDSEY

NINETEEN Captive Propagation 448

ALAN A. LIEBERMAN AND

CYNTHIA M. KUEHLER

CONTENTS Vii

PART 4 RECOVERY PROGRAMS

TWENTY 'Alala 473

PAUL C. BANKO

TWENTY-ONE Po'o-uli 487

JIM J. GROOMBRIDGE

TWENTY-FIV E Can Hawaiian

Forest Birds Be Saved?

THANE K. PRATT,

CARTER T. ATKINSON,

PAUL C. BANKO, JAMES D. JACOBI,

BETHANY L. WOODWORTH, AND

LOYAL A. MEHRHOFF

552

TWENTY-TW O Puaiohi

BETHANY L. WOODWORTH,

ALAN A. LIEBERMAN,

JAY T. NELSON, AND

J. SCOTT FRETZ

499 Hawaiian Pronunciation Guide

and Glossary

VERNA L. U. AMANTE-HELWEG,

LINDA W. PRATT, AND

THANE K. PRATT

581

TWENTY-THREE Palila 513

PAUL C. BANKO, KEVIN W. BRINCK,

CHRIS FARMER, AND

STEVEN C. HESS

PART 5 THE FUTURE

References

Contributors

Index

Color plates follow page 356

591

653

657

TWENTY-FOU R Social and Political

Obstacles to Saving Hawaiian Birds:

Realities and Remedies 533

DAVID L. LEONARD JR.