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Confined space entry and emergency response
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Confined Space Entry
and
Emergency Response
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Confined Space Entry
and
Emergency Response
D. Alan Veasey
Lisa Craft McCormick
Barbara M. Hilyer (deceased)
Kenneth W. Oldfield
Sam Hansen
Theodore H. Krayer
Workplace Safety Training Program
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
@E?,ECI ENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright 0 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
ISBN-] 3 978-0-471-77845-5
ISBN-I0 0-471-77845-1
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
To the safety of those who work in confined spaces
and the bravery of those who are called up to
respond in confined space emergencies
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Part I Basic Confined Space
Chapter 1. Introduction to Confined Spaces
Why All The Concern about Confined Spaces?
OSHA's Response: The Permit-Required Confined Spaces Standard
What are Confined Spaces?
Size and Configuration Make Entry Possible
Spaces Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy
Restricted Means for Entry and Exit
Nonpermit versus Permit-Required Confined Spaces
What Hazards Make a Confined Space Permit-Required?
Hazardous Atmospheres
Eng u If ment Hazards
Entrapping Configurations
Other Significant Safety or Health Hazards
The Importance of Confined Space Recognition
The Intent of OSHA's Permit-Required Confined Spaces Standard
Summary
Chapter 2. Regulatory and Administrative Aspects of Confined Space
Entry and Rescue
State and Federal Regulations
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Permit Program Requirements
Personnel Roles and Training Requirements
Training and Duties of Authorized Entrants
Training and Duties of Attendants
Training and Duties of Entry Supervisors
Requirements for Rescue and Emergency Services Personnel
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1 006, Standard for Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications
NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components
NFPA 1404, Standard for a Fire Department Self-Controlled Breathing
National Fire Protection Association Standards
Apparatus Program
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Additional Standards and Guidelines
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Summary
Chapter 3. Identifying Confined Space Hazards
Physical Hazards
Energy
Engulfment
Entrapment
Gravity
Noise
Temperature Extremes
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Physical Hazards Safety Analysis
Hazardous Atmospheres
Oxygen Concentration
Toxic and Asphyxiating Chemicals
Oxygen
Ignition Source
Fuel
Chemical Properties
Special Hazards
Radioactivity
Biological Hazards
Label and Placard Hazard Recognition
DOT Hazard Classification System
NFPA Hazard Ranking System
HMlS Hazard Labeling System
Fire and Explosion Hazards
Summary: Prevention through Assessment
Chapter 4. Air Monitoring in Confined Spaces
Regulatory Requirements
Normal Permit-Required Entry
Entry Using Alternate Procedures
Reclassifying a Space as a Non-Permit-Required Confined Space
Employee Observation of Monitoring and Results
Nonmandatory Appendix B
Appendix E: "Sewer System Entry"
Special Industries
Using Air Sampling Data
Limitations
General Procedures
Active Sampling
Passive Sampling
Basic Operation
Measuring Oxygen
Measuring Combustible Gases and Vapors
Measuring Toxic Atmospheres
Instrument Calibration
Common Features of DRls
Air Sampling in Confined Spaces
Real-Time Monitoring with Direct-Reading Instruments
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Contents ix
Detector Tubes
Modes of Operation of Detector Tubes
Pumps for Use with Detector Tubes
Limitations of Detector Tubes
Relative Response
Unidentified Contaminants
Mixtures
Summary
Challenges to interpreting Air Monitoring Results
Chapter 5. The Entry Permit
Summary of the Permit Program
The Permit System
The Entry Permit
Written Information on the Permit
Posting the Permit
Summary
Part II Protective Measures
Chapter 6. Controlling Confined Space Hazards
The Role of Hazard Control in Confined Space Operations
Controlling Atmospheric Hazards
Basic Concepts of Purging and Ventilation
Strategies and Techniques of Purging and Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Considerations for Conducting Confined Space Ventilation
Pitfalls and Problems of Ventilation
The Role of Isolation in Preventing Confined Space Incidents
LockouUTagout and Other Isolation Procedures
Tagout Alone as an Isolation Procedure
Other Forms of Isolation
Problems in Achieving a True Zero-Energy State
Special Considerations for Isolation Procedures during Rescue Operations
Other Hazard Control Procedures
Controlling Hazards of the Work Area and Incident Scene
Using Barricades and Barriers
Zoning the Work Area or Incident Scene
Isolating a Particular Location from the Rest of the Space
Hot-Work Permitting
Controlling Ignition Sources
Controlling Electrical Hazards
Controlling General Hazards of the Working Environment
Isolation Procedures
Summary
Chapter 7. Respiratory Protection
Relevant Standards
OSHA’s Respiratory Protection Standard
NFPA Standards
ANSI Standard
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Basic Operation of Respirators
Facepiece Design
Source of Breathable Air
Mode of Operation
Selection Considerations for APRs
Selection Considerations for Supplied-Air Respirators
Selection Considerations for SCBAs
Space Emergencies
Emergency Breathing Procedures
Reduced Profile Maneuvers
Term i n o I og y
OSHA Regulation
Respirator Fit Checks
Approved Fit Test Protocols
inspection
Repairs
Cleaning
Storage
Summary
Selection and Use Considerations for Confined Space Entry
Special Considerations for Using SCBAs and SARs During Confined
Fit Testing and Assigned Protection Factors
Care and Maintenance of Respirators
Chapter 8. Chemical Protective Clothing
Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing
Chemical Attacks on CPC
Measurement of Chemical Attack
CPC Material Selection Information
Using CPC Material Selection Information
Selection Considerations for Confined Spaces
Chemical Protective Garments
Protective Clothing for Nonchemical Hazards
Safe Use of CPC
inspection
Donning CPC
In-Use Monitoring
CPC Change Schedules
Reducing Permeation
Decontamination
Reuse of CPC
Maintenance
Storage
Summary
Types of Protective Clothing
Care and Maintenance of CPC
Chapter 9. Personal Safety Equipment
Head Protection
Standards and Regulations
Head Protection Types
Head Protection in Confined Spaces
Proper Use of Head Protection
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Contents xi
Eye and Face Protection
Standards
Types of Face and Eye Protection
Special Features of Eye Protectors
Proper Use of Face and Eye Protection
0 S H A’s Hearing Conservation Standard
Types of Personal Hearing Protective Devices
Noise Reduction Rating
Use of Hearing Protectors
Hand Protection
Types of Protective Gloves
Use of Gloves
Foot Protection
Standards
Features of Protective Footwear
Hearing Protection
Summary
Chapter 10. Safe Use of Personal Protective Equipment
OSHA’s PPE Standards
General Requirements Standard
Appendix B to Subpart I
Comprehensive Written PPE Program
Levels of Protection
EPA Levels of Protection
NFPA Standards
Summary
Part 111 Equipment and Entry
Chapter 11. Ropes, Webbing, Harnesses, and Hardware
Standards Related to Equipment
Overview of NFPA 1983
Overview of OSHA Requirements
NFPA 1983 Requirements for Rope
OSHA Rope Requirements
Construction Materials
Methods of Rope Construction
Selection and Use Considerations for Rope
Ropes
Accessory Cord
Webbing
NFPA 1983 Requirements for Webbing
OSHA Requirements for Webbing
Materials and Methods of Webbing Construction
Care and Maintenance of Webbing
ANSI Classification of Harnesses and Belts
NFPA 1983 Classification of Harnesses and Belts
OSHA Classification of Belts and Harnesses
Harness Use in Confined Space Operations
Inspection and Care of Harnesses
Harnesses and Belts
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Shock Absorbers and Lanyards
NFPA 1983 Requirements for Lanyards and Shock Absorbers
OSHA Requirements for Lanyards and Shock Absorbers
Shock Absorber Designs and Ratings
Use Considerations for Shock Absorbers
Inspection and Care of Lanyards and Shock Absorbers
General Procedures for Inspection, Care, and Maintenance of Hardware
General Considerations for Using Hardware
Carabiners
Quick Links
Pulleys
Descent Control Devices
Rope-Grabbing Devices
Miscellaneous Equipment
Anchor Plates
Swivels
Edge Pads, Rollers, and Sliders
Rigging Rings
NFPA Requirements for Portable Anchor Systems
Hardware and Accessories
Portable Anchor Systems
Summary
Chapter 12. Tying Knots
Strength Reduction Due to Knots
Common Terminology
Tying Procedure
The Figure 8 Family of Knots
Safety Knots
Other Knots
Hitches
Summary
Chapter 13. Rigging and Using Basic Systems for Confined
Space Operations
Overview of Basic Rigging
Establishing Anchors
Types of Anchor Points
Selection and Designation of Anchor Points
Anchor Systems
General Rules for Rigging Anchor Systems
Rigging Basic Systems for Hauling or Lowering a Load
Block-and-Tackle Systems
Rigging for Change of Direction
Applications for Directional Pulleys
Rigging Directional Pulleys
Portable Anchor Systems and Winch Operations
Tripod Operations
Other Portable Anchor Systems
Using Winches in Confined Space Operations
Basic Rigging for Safety Belays
General Belay Procedures
Using the Munter Hitch Belay
Rigging and Using Safety Belay Systems
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Using the Tandem Prusik Belay
Manufactured Safety Belay Devices
Other Options for Using Safety Belay Systems
General Rules of Rigging
Summary
Chapter 14. Making Entry Safely
Basic Considerations for Safe Entry
The Role of the Entry Permit
Interaction of Personnel Involved
The Entry Supervisor
The Attendant
The Entrant
The Rescuer
Assessing the Hazards
The Role of Air Monitoring Equipment
Controlling the Hazards
Using Personal Protective Equipment and Related Gear
Respirators
Chemical Protective Clothing
Personal Safety Equipment
Other Safety-Related Gear
Personal Alarm Safety Systems
Personal Lights
Communication Equipment
General Safe Work Practices
Considerations for Tool and Equipment Use
Emergency Retrieval and Fall Protection
Fall Prevention
Fall Arrest
Special Considerations for Vertical Ascents and Descents
Backup Fall Protection
Communication Procedures
Role of Internal Attendant
Hand Signals
OATH System
Radios
Intercom Systems
Dealing with Loss of Communication during Entry
Emergency Alarms
Signs and Symptoms
Triggering Events
Coping with Claustrophobia
Emergency Provisions
Concluding the Entry
Summary
Dealing with Claustrophobia
Part IV Rescue
Chapter 15. Overview of Confined Space Rescue
Basic Considerations for Rescue
Rescue Psychology 101
Pyramid of Survivability
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Pyramid of Priority
Risk-versus-Benefit Analysis
Types of Rescue
Self-Rescue
Nonentry Rescue
Entry or Internal Rescue
Time
The Victim
The Space
The Rescuer
Step 1 : Preemergency Preparation and Planning
Step 2: Size-up
Step 3: Developing a Plan of Action for Entry and Rescue
Step 4: Initiating Hazard Control and Protective Provisions
Step 5: Deploying and Rigging Rescue Equipment
Step 6: Performing Rescue
Step 7: Terminating the Rescue Operation
Putting It All Together: The Rescue Quad
Steps in the Confined Space Rescue Process
Summary
Chapter 16. Rescue Team Organization and Management
Origins of the Incident Management System
Incident Management System Overview
Unity of Command
Span of Control
Division of Labor
Accountability
Common Terminology
Modular Organization
Integrated Communications
Unified Command Structure
Consolidated Action Plans
Predesignated Incident Facilities
Comprehensive Resource Management
Command and Command Staff Roles
Planning
Logistics
Finance
Operations
Functional Areas of the IMS
Deployment and Operation of the IMS
Incident Management System in Confined Space Rescue
Scenario 1 : A Simple Single-Agency Response
Scenario 2: A Complex Single-Agency Response
Scenario 3: A Complex Multiagency Response
Summary
Chapter 17. Rigging and Using Rescue Systems
Establishing Anchor Points for Rescue Systems
Aerial Apparatus
Cranes and Other Powered Industrial Equipment
A-Framed Ladders
Gin Ladders
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