Cảm biến sinh học và Biodetection doc

Biosensors and Biodetection

Series Editor

John M. Walker

School of Life Sciences

University of Hertfordshire

Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For other titles published in this series, go to

www.springer.com/series/7651

Biosensors and Biodetection

Methods and Protocols

Volume 503: Optical-Based Detectors

Edited by

Avraham Rasooly* and Keith E. Herold†

*FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD, USA

and

National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

†Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

METHODS I N MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ™

Editors

Avraham Rasooly Keith E. Herold

FDA Center for Devices Fischell Department of Bioengineering

and Radiological Health University of Maryland

Silver Spring, MD College Park, MD

USA USA

and herold@umd.edu

National Cancer Institute

Bethesda, MD

USA

rasoolya@mail.nih.gov

ISBN: 978-1-60327-566-8 e-ISBN: 978-1-60327-567-5

ISSN: 1064-3745 e-ISSN: 1940-6029

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-567-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008941063

© Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of

the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013,

USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of

information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology

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Printed on acid-free paper

springer.com

Preface

1. Biosensor Technologies

In recent years, many types of biosensors have been developed and used in a wide

variety of analytical settings, including biomedical, environmental, research, and oth￾ers. A biosensor is defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC) as a “device that uses specific biochemical reactions mediated by isolated

enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles, or whole cells to detect chemical com￾pounds usually by electrical, thermal, or optical signals” (1). Thus, almost all biosen￾sors are based on a two-component system: a biological recognition element (ligand)

that facilitates specific binding to or biochemical reaction with a target, and a signal

conversion unit (transducer). Although it is impossible to fully cover the fast-moving

field of biosensing in one publication, this publication presents some of the many

types of biosensors to give the reader a sense of the enormous potential for these

devices.

An early reference to the concept of a biosensor is from Dr. Leland C. Clark,

who worked on biosensors in the early 1960s (2) developing an “enzyme electrode”

for glucose concentration measurement with the enzyme glucose oxidase, a measure￾ment that is important in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of carbohydrate

metabolism in diabetes patients. Still today, the most common biosensors used are for

glucose analysis.

A large number of basic biosensors, all combining a biological recognition ele￾ment and a transducer, were subsequently developed. Currently, the trend is toward

more complex integrated multianalyte sensors capable of more comprehensive analy￾ses. Advances in electronics and microelectrical and mechanical systems (MEMS) have

enabled the miniaturization of many biosensors and the newest generation biosensors

include miniaturized multianalyte devices with high-throughput capabilities and more

than 1,000 individually addressable sensor spots per square centimeter.

A useful categorization of biosensors is to divide them into two groups: direct rec￾ognition sensors, in which the biological interaction is directly measured, and indirect

detection sensors, which rely on secondary elements for detection. Figure 1 shows a

schematic of the two groups of biosensors. In each group, there are several types of

transducers including optical, electrochemical, and mechanical. For all of these tech￾nologies, the recognition ligand plays a major role. Although the most commonly

used ligands are antibodies, other ligands are being developed including aptamers

(protein-binding nucleic acids) and peptides.

In the literature and in practice, there are numerous types of biosensors, and the

choice of a suitable system for a particular application is complex, based on many fac￾tors such as the nature of the application, the label molecule (if used), the sensitivity

required, the number of channels (or area), cost, technical expertise, and the speed

of detection needed. A primary purpose of this book is to provide more access to the

v

vi Preface

technical methods involved in using a variety of biosensors to facilitate such decision

making.

Direct detection biosensors utilize direct measurement of the biological inter￾action. Such detectors typically measure physical changes (e.g., changes in optical,

mechanical, or electrical properties) induced by the biological interaction, and they

do not require labeling (i.e., label free) for detection. Direct biosensors can also be

used in an indirect mode, typically to increase their sensitivity. Direct detection sys￾tems include optical-based systems (most common being surface plasmon resonance)

and mechanical systems such as quartz crystal resonators.

Indirect detection sensors rely on secondary elements (labels) for detection. Exam￾ples of such secondary elements are enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase or glucose

oxidase) and fluorescently tagged antibodies that enhance detection of a sandwich

complex. Unlike direct detectors, which directly measure changes induced by biologi￾cal interactions and are “label free,” indirect detectors require a labeled molecule to

bind to the target. Most indirect sensors based on optical detection are designed to

measure fluorescence. The detection system can be based on a charge coupled device

(CCD), photomultiplier tube (PMT), photodiode, or spectrometer. Electrochemical

transducers, which measure the oxidation or reduction of an electroactive compound

on the secondary ligand, are another common type of indirect detection sensor. Sev￾eral types of electrochemical biosensors are in use including amperometric devices,

which measure the electric current as a function of time while the electrode potential

is held constant.

Ligands are recognition molecules that bind specifically with the target molecule

to be detected. The most important characteristics for ligands are affinity and specifi￾city. Various types of ligands are used in biosensors. Biosensors that use antibodies as

recognition elements (immunosensors) are common because antibodies are highly

specific, versatile, and bind strongly and stably to the antigen. Several limitations of

antibodies are long-term stability, and manufacturing costs, especially for multitarget

biosensor applications where many ligands are needed.

Fig. 1. General schematic of biosensors: (a) direct detection biosensors where the recognition element is label free; (b)

indirect detection biosensors using a “sandwich” assay where the analyte is detected by labeled molecule. Direct detec￾tion biosensors are simpler and faster but typically yield a higher limit of detection compared with indirect detection

systems

Other types of ligands that show promise for high-throughput screening and

chemical synthesis are aptamers and peptides. Aptamers are protein-binding nucleic

acids (DNA or RNA molecules) selected from random pools on the basis of their

ability to bind other molecules with high affinity. Peptides can be selected for affinity

to a target molecule by display methods (phage display and yeast display). However,

in general, the binding affinity of peptides is lower than the affinity of antibodies or

aptamers.

2. Biosensor Applications

Biosensors have several potential advantages over other methods of biodetection,

especially increased assay speed and flexibility. Rapid, essentially real-time analysis can

provide immediate interactive information to users. This speed of detection is an

advantage in essentially all applications.

Applications of biosensors include medical, environmental, public security, and

food safety areas. Medical applications include clinical, pharmaceutical and device

manufacturing, and research. Biosensor-based diagnostics might facilitate disease

screening and improve the rates of earlier detection and attendant improved prog￾nosis. Such technology may be extremely useful for enhancing health care delivery in

the community setting and to underserved populations. Environmental applications

include spill clean-up, monitoring, and regulatory instances. Public safety applications

include civil and military first responders as well as unattended monitoring. Food

safety applications include monitoring of food production, regulatory monitoring,

and diagnosis of food poisoning. Biosensors allow multitarget analyses, automation,

and reduced costs of testing.

The key strengths of biosensors are the following:

• Fast or real-time analysis: Fast or real-time detection provides almost immediate

interactive information about the sample tested, enabling users to take corrective

measures before infection or contamination can spread.

• Point-of-care detection: Biosensors can be used for point-of-care or on-site testing

where state-of-the-art molecular analysis is carried out without requiring a state￾of-the-art laboratory.

• Continuous flow analysis: Many biosensor technologies can be configured to allow

continuous flow analysis. This is beneficial in food production, air quality, and

water supply monitoring.

• Miniaturization: Biosensors can be miniaturized so that they can be integrated

into powerful lab-on-a-chip tools that are very capable while minimizing cost of

use.

• Control and automation: Biosensors can be integrated with on-line process mon￾itoring schemes to provide real-time information about multiple parameters at

each production step or at multiple time points during a process, enabling better

control and automation of many industrial and critical monitoring facilities.

Preface vii

viii Preface

3. Aims and Approach

The primary aim of this book is to describe the basic types and the basic elements of

biosensors from methods point of view. We tried to include manuscripts that represent

the major technologies in the field and to include enough technical detail so that the

informed reader can both understand the technology and also be able to build similar

devices. The target audience for this book includes engineering, chemical, and physical

science researchers, who are developing biosensing technologies. Other target groups

are biologists and clinicians, who are the users and developers of applications for the

technologies.

In addition to supporting the research community, the book may also be useful

as a teaching tool for bioengineering, biomedical engineering, and biology faculty

and students. To better represent the field, most topics are covered by more than

one chapter. The purpose of this “redundancy” is to try to include several alternative

approaches for the topics, so as to help the reader choose an appropriate design.

4. Chapter Organization

This publication is divided into two volumes: Vol. 503 is focused on Optical-Based

Detectors and Vol. 504 is focused on Electrochemical and Mechanical Detectors,

Lateral Flow, and Ligands for Biosensors.

4.1. Volume 503: Optical-Based Detectors

Optical detection is used in a broad array of biosensor technologies, including both

direct and indirect style sensors. Volume 503 is organized in two parts. Part I focuses

on direct optical detectors, while Part II concentrates on indirect optical detection.

Probably, the most common approach for direct optical detection is based on eva￾nescent wave physics, where the interaction between the evanescent wave and the

bound target generates a detection signal. The most common technology in this

group is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and several chapters (see Chaps. 1–5)

describe biosensors based on SPR. Other important optical direct detection meth￾ods including resonant mirror (see Chap. 6), optical ring resonator (see Chap. 7),

interferometric sensors (see Chaps. 8 and 9) and grating coupler (see Chap. 10) are

all included in Part I. The second part of Vol. 503 describes various indirect optical

detectors. As discussed earlier, indirect detectors require a labeled molecule to bind

to the target generating a signal. For optical sensors, the label molecule emits or

modifies light. Most indirect optical detectors are designed to measure fluorescence.

However, optical detectors can also measure optical density (densitometry), changes

in color (colorimetric), and chemoluminesence, depending on the type of label used.

Optical signals can be measured in various ways (described in Part II) including vari￾ous CCD-based detectors, which are very versatile, inexpensive, and relatively simple

to construct and use (see Chaps. 11–16 and 25). Other optical detectors discussed

in Part II are photodiodes (see Chaps. 17–20), photomultipliers (see Chaps. 21–23),

Preface ix

and spectrometers (see Chaps. 24 and 25). Photomultipliers may offer higher sensi￾tivity, smaller footprint (the size of photodiode can be few millimeters). Spectrom￾eters offer better interrogation of changes in light wavelengths.

4.2. Volume 504: Electrochemical and Mechanical Detectors, Lateral Flow, and Ligands

Volume 504 describes various electrochemical and mechanical detectors, lateral flow

devices, and ligands for biosensors. As in Vol. 503, we describe several direct measure￾ment sensors (in Part I), indirect methods (Parts II–III). Ligands are described in

Part IV and two related technologies are described in Part V.

In Part I, we describe several mechanical detectors that modify their mechanical

properties as a result of biological interactions. Such mechanical direct biosensors

typically sense resonance of the mechanical element, which changes when the target

molecule binds to the surface. Piezoelectric biosensors (see Chaps. 1–3) employ a

technology that is widely used in a variety of applications (e.g., vapor deposition of

metals) and is thus readily available and relatively inexpensive. Cantilever-based sys￾tems (see Chaps. 4 and 5) can be miniaturized to micrometer dimensions with attend￾ant benefits for system and sample size.

In Part II, we describe several electrochemical detectors (see Chaps. 6–11). Elec￾trochemical biosensors were the first biosensors developed and are the most com￾monly used biosensors today (e.g., glucose monitoring).

Part III covers lateral flow technologies (see Chaps. 12–15). Although lateral flow

devices are not “classical” biosensors, with ligands and transducers, they are included

in this book because of their importance for biosensing. Lateral flow assays are sim￾ple immunodetection (or DNA hybridization) devices, which utilize competitive or

sandwich assays. They are used mainly for medical diagnostics, including laboratory,

home and point-of-care detection. A common format is a “dipstick” in which the test

sample diffuses through a porous matrix via capillary action followed by detection by

a colorimetric reagent bound to a secondary antibody. The primary antibody is bound

to the matrix in a line, and the assay result is a color change at a particular location on

the matrix. Lateral flow assays can be dependable and inexpensive.

Part IV focuses on recognition ligands, which are key elements in any biosensor

(see Chaps. 16–22). The recognition ligands bind specifically with the target molecule

to be detected. Various ligands described in Part IV include antibodies, aptamers,

and peptides. Antibodies are the most commonly used ligands but advances in selec￾tion methods for aptamers (SELEX) and peptides (phage and yeast display) are cur￾rently providing alternatives.

Part V includes two papers on protein (see Chap. 23) and DNA preparation (see

Chap. 24). These papers are relevant to the subject of biosensor technologies but did

not fit elsewhere into the book organization outline.

References

1. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd Edition (1997). (1992), International Union

of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Research Triangle Park, NC.

2. Clark LC Jr., Lyons C (1962) Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular sur￾gery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 102:29–45.

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Contents of Volume 504. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

PART I: OPTICAL-BASED DETECTORS

1. Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface Plasmon Field-Enhanced

Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Sensitive Detection of Tumor Markers . . . . . . . . 3

Yusuke Arima, Yuji Teramura, Hiromi Takiguchi, Keiko Kawano,

Hidetoshi Kotera, and Hiroo Iwata

2. Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Biomolecular Interaction

Analysis Based on Spatial Modulation Phase Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Xiang Ding, Fangfang Liu, and Xinglong Yu

3. Array-Based Spectral SPR Biosensor: Analysis of Mumps Virus Infection . . . . . . 37

Jong Seol Yuk and Kwon-Soo Ha

4. Optical Biosensors Based on Photonic Crystal Surface Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Valery N. Konopsky and Elena V. Alieva

5. Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Marek Piliarik, Hana Vaisocherová, and Ji í Homola

6. Label-Free Detection with the Resonant Mirror Biosensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Mohammed Zourob, Souna Elwary, Xudong Fan, Stephan Mohr,

and Nicholas J. Goddard

7. Label-Free Detection with the Liquid Core Optical Ring

Resonator Sensing Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Ian M. White, Hongying Zhu, Jonathan D. Suter, Xudong Fan,

and Mohammed Zourob

8. Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Guenther Proll, Goran Markovic, Lutz Steinle, and Guenter Gauglitz

9. Phase Sensitive Interferometry for Biosensing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Digant P. Davé

10. Label-Free Serodiagnosis on a Grating Coupler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Thomas Nagel, Eva Ehrentreich-Förster, and Frank F. Bier

PART II: INDIRECT DETECTORS

11. CCD Camera Detection of HIV Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

John R. Day

12. Simple Luminescence Detector for Capillary Electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Antonio Segura-Carretero, Jorge F. Fernández-Sánchez,

and Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez

13. Optical System Design for Biosensors Based on CCD Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Douglas A. Christensen and James N. Herron

xi

xii Contents

14. A Simple Portable Electroluminescence Illumination-Based CCD Detector . . . . 259

Yordan Kostov, Nikolay Sergeev, Sean Wilson, Keith E. Herold,

and Avraham Rasooly

15. Fluoroimmunoassays Using the NRL Array Biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Joel P. Golden and Kim E. Sapsford

16. Biosensors Technologies: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter-Based Hyperspectral

and Polarization Imagers for Fluorescence and Spectroscopic Imaging. . . . . . . . 293

Neelam Gupta

17. Photodiode-Based Detection System for Biosensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Yordan Kostov

18. Photodiode Array On-chip Biosensor for the Detection

of E. coli O157:H7 Pathogenic Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Joon Myong Song and Ho Taik Kwon

19. DNA Analysis with a Photo-Diode Array Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Hideki Kambara and Guohua Zhou

20. Miniaturized and Integrated Fluorescence Detectors

for Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Toshihiro Kamei

21. Photomultiplier Tubes in Biosensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Yafeng Guan

22. Integrating Waveguide Biosensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Shuhong Li, Platte Amstutz III, Cha-Mei Tang, Jun Hang, Peixuan Zhu,

Yunqi Zhang, Daniel R. Shelton, and Jeffrey S. Karns

23. Detection of Fluorescence Generated in Microfluidic

Channel Using In-Fiber Grooves and In-Fiber Microchannel Sensors . . . . . . . . 403

Rudi Irawan and Swee Chuan Tjin

24. Multiplex Integrating Waveguide Sensor: Signalyte™-II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Shuhong Li, Yunqi Zhang, Platte Amstutz III, and Cha-Mei Tang

25. CCD Based Fiber-Optic Spectrometer Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Rakesh Kapoor

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Contributors

ELENA V. ALIEVA • Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk,

Moscow Region, Russia

PLATTE AMSTUTZ • Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA

YUSUKE ARIMA • Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto,

Japan

FRANK F. BIER • Department of Molecular Bioanalytics & Bioelectronics, Fraunhofer

Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany

Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

DOUGLAS A. CHRISTENSEN • Department of Bioengineering and Department of

Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

DIGANT P. DAVÉ • University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

JOHN R. DAY • Gen-Probe Incorporated, San Diego, CA, USA

XIANG DING • Department of Precision Instruments and Mechanics, Tsinghua

University, Beijing, China

EVA EHRENTREICH-FÖRSTER • Department of Molecular Bioanalytics & Bioelectronics,

Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam,

Germany

SOUNA ELWARY • Biosensors Division, Biophage Pharma, Montreal, QC, Canada

XUDONG FAN • Department of Biological Engineering, University of

Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA

ALBERTO FERNÁNDEZ-GUTIÉRREZ • Department of Analytical Chemistry,

Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

JORGE F. FERNÁNDEZ-SÁNCHEZ • Department of Analytical Chemistry,

Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

GUENTER GAUGLITZ • Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,

University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

NICHOLAS J. GODDARD • School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science

(CEAS), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

JOEL P. GOLDEN • Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering,

US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

YAFENG GUAN • Department of Instrumentation & Analytical Chemistry,

Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China

NEELAM GUPTA • Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA

KWON-SOO HA • Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and

Nanobio Sensor Research Center, Kangwon National University College

of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea

JUN HANG • Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA

xiii

xiv Contributors

KEITH E. HEROLD • Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland,

College Park, MD, USA

JAMES N. HERRON • Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Department of

Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

JIrˇÍ HOMOLA • Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the

Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

RUDI IRAWAN • BioMedical Engineering Research Centre, Singapore-University

of Washington Alliance, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Department of Physics, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

HIROO IWATA • Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

HIDEKI KAMBARA • Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

TOSHIHIRO KAMEI • National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan

RAKESH KAPOOR • Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham,

Birmingham, AL, USA

JEFFREY S. KARNS • Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department

of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA

KEIKO KAWANO • Advanced Software Technology and Mechatronics Research

Institute of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

VALERY N. KONOPSKY • Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk,

Moscow Region, Russia

YORDAN KOSTOV • Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland

Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA

HIDETOSHI KOTERA • Department of Microengineering, Graduate School of

Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

HO TAIK KWON • Celltek Co., Ltd., Ansan-si, South Korea

SHUHONG LI • Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA

FANGFANG LIU • Department of Precision Instruments and Mechanics,

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

GORAN MARKOVIc • Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University

of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

STEPHAN MOHR • School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS),

The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

THOMAS NAGEL • Department of Molecular Bioanalytics & Bioelectronics, Fraunhofer

Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany

Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

MAREK PILIARIK • Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the

Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

GUENTHER PROLL • Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University

of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

AVRAHAM RASOOLY • FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring,

MD, USA, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Contributors xv

KIM E. SAPSFORD • Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, US Naval

Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

ANTONIO SEGURA-CARRETERO • Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of

Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

NIKOLAY SERGEEV • FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring,

MD, USA

DANIEL R. SHELTON • Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department

of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA

JOON MYONG SONG • Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College

of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

LUTZ STEINLE • Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University

of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

JONATHAN D. SUTER • Biological Engineering Department, University

of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA

HIROMI TAKIGUCHI • Advanced Software Technology and Mechatronics Research

Institute of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan

CHA-MEI TANG • Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA

YUJI TERAMURA • Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,

Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

SWEE CHUAN TJIN • Photonics Research Centre, School of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

HANA VAISOCHEROVÁ • Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences

of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

IAN M. WHITE • Biological Engineering Department, University of

Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA

SEAN WILSON • University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC),

Baltimore, MD, USA

Xinglong Yu • Department of Precision Instruments and Mechanics, Tsinghua

University, Beijing, China

JONG SEOL YUK • Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and

Nanobio Sensor Research Center, Kangwon National University College

of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea

YUNQI ZHANG • Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA

GUOHUA ZHOU • Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

HONGYING ZHU • Biological Engineering Department, University of

Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA

PEIXUAN ZHU • Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA

MOHAMMED ZOUROB • Biosensors Division, Biophage Pharma, Montreal,

QC, Canada

Contents of Volume 504

Preface

Contributors

Contents of Volume 503

PART I: MECHANICAL DETECTORS

1. A Set of Piezoelectric Biosensors Using Cholinesterases

Carsten Teller, Jan Halámek, Alexander Makower, and Frieder W. Scheller

2. Piezoelectric Biosensors for Aptamer–Protein Interaction

Sara Tombelli, Alessandra Bini, Maria Minunni, and Marco Mascini

3. Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Resonators Applied for Immunosensing

and Affinity Interaction Studies

Petr Skládal

4. Biosensors Based on Cantilevers

Mar Álvarez, Laura G. Carrascosa, Kiril Zinoviev, Jose A. Plaza,

and Laura M. Lechuga

5. Piezoelectric-Excited Millimeter-Sized Cantilever Biosensors

Raj Mutharasan

PART II: ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTORS

6. Preparation of Screen-Printed Electrochemical Immunosensors

for Estradiol, and Their Application in Biological Fluids

Roy M. Pemberton and John P. Hart

7. Electrochemical DNA Biosensors: Protocols for Intercalator-Based

Detection of Hybridization in Solution and at the Surface

Kagan Kerman, Mun’delanji Vestergaard, and Eiichi Tamiya

8. Electrochemical Biosensor Technology: Application to Pesticide Detection

Ilaria Palchetti, Serena Laschi, and Marco Mascini

9. Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization Using Micro and Nanoparticles

María Teresa Castañeda, Salvador Alegret, and Arben Merkoçi

10. Electrochemical Immunosensing Using Micro and Nanoparticles

Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz, Adriano Ambrosi, Salvador Alegret,

and Arben Merkoçi

11. Methods for the Preparation of Electrochemical Composite

Biosensors Based on Gold Nanoparticles

A. González-Cortés, P. Yáñez-Sedeño, and J.M. Pingarrón

PART III: LATERAL FLOW

12. Immunochromatographic Lateral Flow Strip Tests

Gaiping Zhang, Junqing Guo, and Xuannian Wang

xvii