Building facades and thermal comfort : The impacts of climate, solar shading, and glazing on the indoor thermal environment

Ill —

I n

Mark Bessoudo

Building facades and

thermal comfort

The impacts of climate, solar shading, and

glazing on the indoor thermal environment

Thu Vl»n DHKTCN-TN

KNV.14002066

'VDM

Verity

Dr Muller

Mark Bessoudo

Building facades and thermal comfort

Mark Bessoudo

Building fagades and thermal

comfort

The impacts of climate, solar shading, and

glazing on the indoor thermal environment

VDM Verlag Dr. Miiller

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. A. K. Athienitis for his continuous

encouragement, support, and patience during my graduate studies. I am also indebted to Dr. A.

Tzempelikos for his assistance, support, and advice. A special thanks goes to Dr. R. Zmeureanu for

his helpful advice. Many thanks go to my friends and colleagues in the Solar Lab for their

friendship and support. 1 would also like to thank my mom, dad, and sister for their unwavering

support and encouragement throughout my studies. I am forever grateful. Financial support of this

work was provided by NSERC through the Solar Buildings Research Network.

To my parents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................... V

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ xi

NOM ENCLATURE..................................................................................................................xii

1 INTRODUCTIO N..................................................................................................................1

1.1 Context................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background............................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Motivation..............................................................................................................................3

1.4 Objectives...............................................................................................................................4

1.5 Book layout............................................................................................................................ 4

2 LITERATURE REV IEW ......................................................................................................5

2.1 Thermal com fort...................................................................................................................5

2.1.1 The indoor thermal environment..................................................................................5

2.1.2 Human thermoregulation.................................................................................................8

2.1.3 Prediction of thermal comfort........................................................................................10

2.1.3.1 Steady-state thermal environments..............................................................................10

2.1.3.2 Transient thermal environments.................................................................................12

2.1.4 Conditions for thermal comfort.....................................................................................14

2.1.4.1 The comfort zone..........................................................................................................14

2.1.4.2 Local discomfort............................................................................................................16

2.1.4.3 Adaptive approach........................................................................................................18

2.2 Fenestration systems and perimeter zones................................................................ 20

2.2.1 Windows and glazing................................................................................................. 20

2.2.2 Shading devices....................................................................................................... ?3

2.2.3 Mechanical systems............................................................................................... 75

2.2.4 Perimeter zones and thermal comfort................................................................. 77

2.3 Summary............................................................................................................................. 33

3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND RESULTS................................................................. 34

3.1 Experimental perimeter zone.............................................................................................34

3.2 Data acquisition system, sensors, and measurements....................................................37

3.3 Experimental results............................................................................................................39

3.3.1 Clear winter day...............................................................................................................39

3.3.2 Cloudy winter day........................................................................................................... 43

3.4 Summary...............................................................................................................................46

4 NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUD Y.......................................................................... 47

4.1 Description of thermal simulation model.......................................................................47

4.1.1 Typical meteorological year weather data..................................................................... 48

4.1.2 Solar radiation m odel.....................................................................................................48

4.1.3 Geometry of perimeter zone office................................................................................51

4.1.4 Solar radiation ưansmission through glazing............................................................... 52

4.1.5 Building thermal simulation m odel..............................................................................54

4-1.6 Indoor thermal environment.......................................................................................... 58

4.2 Comparison of thermal simulation model and measurements.................................... 59

4.2.1 Clear winter day: no shading......................................................................................... 60

4.2.2 Clear winter day: roller shade........................................................................................ 62

4.2.3 Cloudy winter day: no shading...................................................................................... 65

4.3 Description of thermal comfort m odel............................................................................67

4.4 Comparison of the thermal comfort model with measurements..................................73

4.5 Parameters and assumptions..............................................................................................74

4.6 Results from the simulation study.................................................................................... 80

4.6.1 Clear winter day.............................................................................................................. 80

4.6.2 Cloudy winter day........................................................................................................... 92

4.7 Further investigation using CFD...................................................................................... 96

4.7.1 Description of CFD model............................................................................................ 97

4.7.2 Results of CFD investigation......................................................................................... 98

iii

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................... 105

5.1 Conclusions............................................................. 105

5.2 Recommendations for future work................................................................................107

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 109

APPENDIX A: Perez irradiance model

APPENDIX B: Room geometry and view factors

APPENDIX C: Building thermal simulation model

APPENDIX D: Indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort model

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Mean value of angle factors between seated person and horizontal or vertical

rectangle (ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 2005).............................................7

Figure 2.2: Thermal interaction between the human body and suưounding environment

(ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 2005)..............................................................9

Figure 2.3: Relationship between the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) and Predicted

Mean Vote (PMV) (ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 2005)........................ 12

Figure 2.4: Representation of the concentric skin and core compartments in the two-node

thermal comfort m odel................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2.5: The indoor comfort zone (ASHRAE Standard 55 - 2004)............................................... 15

Figure 2.6: Angle factors between a small plane element and suưounding surfaces (ASHRAE

Handbook of Fundamentals. 2005)............................................................................. 17

Figure 2.7: Percentage of people dissatisfied for different surfaces (ASHRAE Handbook of

Fundamentals, 2005)..................................................................................................... 17

Figure 2.8: Percentage of people dissatisfied at different air temperatures as a function of

mean air velocity (ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 2005)........................... 18

Figure 2.9: The components of heat transfer through glazing (left) and a simplified view of the

components of solar heat gain (Carmody et al., 2004)............................................. 22

Figure 2.10: Shortwave (solar) and longwave energy spectrum. Area 1 represents idealized

ưansmittance for low solar heat gain glazing; Area 2 represents idealized

ưansmiưance for high solar heat gain glazing (Carmody et al., 2004).................... 23

Figure 2.11: The perimeter and interior zones of a building (Carmody et al, 2004)...................... 25

Figure 2.12: Cross section of perimeter zone office with typical HVAC configuration:

overhead supply air (primary heating) and perimeter baseboard unit beneath

glazing (secondaty heating)........................................................................................... 26

Fi^mre 2.13: Sources of thermal discomfort in glazed perimeter zones (Carmody et al.. 2004)..... 27

Fimre 2.14: Notation pertinent to calculating the effective radiation area (left) and a chart for

determining the projected area factors for a seated person (right) (Rizzo et al.,

1991)....................... .................................................................... 1 .. ................... .......30