Beginning employment law

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Beginning

Employment Law

Whether you’re new to higher education, coming to legal study for the first time or just

wondering what Employment Law is all about, Beginning Employment Law is the ideal

introduction to help you hit the ground running. Starting with the basics and an overview of

each topic, it will help you come to terms with the structure, themes and issues of the

subject so that you can begin your Employment Law module with confidence.

Adopting a clear and simple approach with legal vocabulary explained in a detailed

glossary, James Marson breaks the subject of Employment Law down using practical

everyday examples to make it understandable for anyone, whatever their background.

Diagrams and flowcharts simplify complex issues, important cases are identified and

explained and on-the-spot questions help you recognise potential issues or debates within

the law so that you can contribute in classes with confidence.

Beginning Employment Law is an ideal first introduction to the subject for LLB, GDL or

ILEX students and especially international students, those enrolled on distance learning

courses or on other degree programmes.

James Marson is Principal Lecturer in Law at Sheffield Hallam University.

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Beginning the Law

A new introductory series designed to help you master the basics and progress with

confidence.

Published in Spring 2014:

Beginning Employment Law, James Marson

Beginning Evidence, Charanjit Singh Landa

Beginning Human Rights, Howard Davis

Also available:

Beginning Constitutional Law, Nick Howard

Beginning Contract Law, Nicola Monaghan and Chris Monaghan

Beginning Criminal Law, Claudia Carr and Maureen Johnson

Beginning Equity and Trusts, Mohamed Ramjohn

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Beginning

Employment

Law

JAMES MARSON

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First published 2014

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2014 James Marson

The right James Marson to be identified as author of this work has been

asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,

now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,

or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in

writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or

registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation

without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Marson, James.

Beginning employment law/James Marson.

p. cm. – (Beginning the law)

ISBN 978-0-415-65895-9 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-415-65896-6 (pbk) –

ISBN 978-1-315-81550-3 (ebk) 1. Labor laws and legislation–England.

2. Labor laws and legislation–Wales. I. Title.

KD3009.M255 2014

344.4201–dc23 2013039180

ISBN: 978-0-415-65895-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-65896-6 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-81550-3 (ebk)

Typeset in Vectora

by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK

Contents

Table of Cases ix

Table of Legislation xv

Preface xix

Guide to the Companion Website xxi

1 An introduction to the study of employment law 1

Introduction 1

The topics in employment law 1

University study: self-directed learning 1

Feedback 3

Key sources and learning materials 4

How to answer employment questions 7

Conclusion 11

2 Institutions in employment relations 13

Learning objectives 13

Mind map 13

Introduction 14

Dispute resolution bodies 15

Tribunals and judges sitting alone 20

Presentation of a claim 20

Representiation at an employment tribunal 21

Binding force of precedent 23

Changes to fee structure 24

Advisory bodies 25

Relationship between English law and European Union law 26

Conclusion 26

Further reading 27

3 Contracts of employment: terms and sources 29

Learning outcomes 29

Mind map 29

Introduction 30

Sources of terms 30

Implied terms 35

Restraint of trade clauses 40

Fixed-term contracts 43

Conclusion 43

Further reading 44

4 Employment status 45

Learning objectives 45

Mind map 45

Introduction 46

Employment status 47

How to identify an employee 48

Putting it all together 57

Conclusion 59

Further reading 59

5 Discrimination 61

Learning objectives 61

Introduction 61

Mind map 62

Equality law 64

Conclusion 78

Further reading 78

6 Pay 79

Learning objectives 79

Mind map 79

Introduction 80

Obligation to pay wages 80

Expenses compared with wages 81

Deductions from pay 81

Overpayment of wages 81

National minimum wage 82

Statements of pay 83

Holiday pay 83

Sick pay 84

Payments in lieu of notice 85

Equal pay 86

Conclusion 93

Further reading 93

7 Termination of the contract of employment: wrongful

dismissal 95

Learning outcomes 95

Introduction 95

Mind map 96

vi Contents

Terminating the contract 97

Notice periods 100

Mitigation 101

Remedies 106

Why claim wrongful dismissal? 108

Conclusion 108

Further reading 109

8 Termination of the contract of employment: unfair and

constructive dismissal 111

Learning objectives 111

Mind map 111

Introduction 112

Some brief preliminary points 114

What is unfair dismissal? 116

An employee’s breach of the employment contract 116

Difference between the common law and statutory rights 117

Qualification criteria necessary for protection under unfair dismissal 117

What makes an unfair dismissal ‘unfair’? 117

Automatically unfair reasons to dismiss 125

Which claim? Unfair or wrongful dismissal? 126

Constructive dismissal 127

Remedies for unfair dismissal 129

Conclusion 130

Further reading 130

9 Redundancy and the transfer of undertakings 133

Learning objectives 133

Mind map 133

Introduction 134

Redundancy 135

Business re-organisations 137

The transfer of undertakings (protection of employment) regulations 141

Responsibilities to employees on transfer of a business 143

Remedies 147

Employee relations: information and consultation 148

Changes to the law 150

Conclusion 151

Further reading 151

10 Industrial action 153

Learning outcomes 153

Mind map 153

Contents vii

Introduction 154

Employer action against trade union membership 154

Industrial action 154

Picketing 165

Conclusion 166

Further reading 166

Index 167

viii Contents

Table of Cases

Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [1909] AC 488 .................................................................. 106, 108

Alamo v Tucker [2003] IRLR 266 ............................................................................................. 148

Allen v TRW Systems [2013] UKEAT/0083/12 .......................................................................... 34

American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd [1975] 2 WLR 316 ...................................................... 165

ANGED v FASGA [2012] (Case C–78/11) IRLR 779 ................................................................... 85

Anglian Homes Ltd v Kelly [2004] IRLR 793 ............................................................................ 122

Assamoi v Spirit Pub Company (Services) Ltd [2012] UKEAT/0050/11 ................................. 127

Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher and Others [2011] UKSC 41 .............................................................. 48

Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group [1990] ICR 616 ................................... 86

Bass Leisure Ltd v thomas [1994] IRLR 104 ........................................................................... 137

Birmingham City Council v Abdulla [2011] EWCA Civ 1412; [2012] UKSC 47 ......................... 92

Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co v Ansell (1888) 39 Ch D 339 ......................................... 36

Bournemouth University Higher Education Corporation v Buckland

[2010] ICR 908 CA ........................................................................................................... 127

Brace v Calder [1895] 2 QB 253 .............................................................................................. 100

British Airways plc v Unite the Union [2010] EWCA Civ 669 ................................................. 157

British Home Stores v Burchell [1978] IRLR 379 .................................................................... 119

Brookes and Others v Borough Care Services [1988] IRLR 636 ............................................ 144

Bullivant (Roger) Ltd v ellis [1987] ICR 464 ............................................................................... 39

Capper Pass Ltd v Lawton [1977] ICR 83 ................................................................................. 88

Carmichael v National Power plc [1999] UKHL 47 ............................................................. 55, 56

Cavanagh v William Evans Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 697 .............................................................. 85

Christou & Ward v Haringey [2012] UKEAT/0298/11/DM ...................................................... 123

City of Edinburgh Council v Wilkinson [2010] IRLR 756 ........................................................... 88

Clarks of Hove Ltd v Bakers' Union [1978] IRLR 366 .............................................................. 150

Clayton & Walter V Oliver [1930] AC 209 ................................................................................. 41

CLECE SA v Maria Socorro Martin Valor and Ayuntamiento de Cobisa [2011] IRLR 251 .... 145

Collier v Sunday Referee Publishing Co Ltd [1940] 2 KB 647 .................................................. 43

Condor v Baron Knights [1966] 1 WLR 87 ................................................................................ 98

Coombes v Isle of Wight Tourist Board [1976] IRLR 413 ......................................................... 36

Creffield v BBC [1975] IRLR 23 ................................................................................................ 104

Cresswell v Board of Inland Revenue [1984] IRLR 190 ...................................................... 36, 38

Cross v British Airways [2005] IRLR 423 ................................................................................... 71

Davies v New England College of Arundel [1977] ICR 6 .......................................................... 55

Delaney v Staples [1992] 1 AC 687 ........................................................................................... 85

DeSouza v Manpower UK Ltd [2012] UKEAT/0234/12/LA ....................................................... 69

Dietman v Brent LBC [1987] IRLR 259 .................................................................................... 104

Dines and others v (1) Initial Health Care Services Ltd (2) Pall Mall Services

Group Ltd [1995] ICR 11 .................................................................................................. 145

EC v Hungary [2012] Case C286/12 .......................................................................................... 71

ECM v Cox [1999] IRLR 559 ..................................................................................................... 143

Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Trust [2011] UKSC 58 ...................................... 106

Eweida & Others v UK [2013] (Application nos. 48420/10, 59842/10, 51671/10

and 36516/10) .............................................................................................................. 22, 75

F & G Cleaners Ltd v Saddington [2012] UKEAT/0140/11/JOJ ............................................... 102

Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [1986] 1 All ER 617 ............................................................. 104

Farrant v Woodroffe School [1998] IRLR 176 ......................................................................... 104

Ferguson v John Dawson & Partners (Contractors) Ltd [1976] ............................................... 47

Fish v Glen Golf Club [2012] UKEATS/0057/11/BI .................................................................. 135

Foley v NHS Greater Glasgow & CLKyde [2012] UKEATS/0008/12/BI ..................................... 92

Foreningen af Arbejdsledere i Danmark v Daddy's Dance Hall A/S [1988] IRLR 315 .......... 143

Fuller v Stephanie Bowman Ltd [1977] IRLR 87 ..................................................................... 141

Gardiner Nethermere (St Neots) Ltd v Gardiner and Taverna [1984]

IRLR 240 ............................................................................................................................. 56

Goodwin v UK [2002] IRLR 664 ............................................................................................ 73, 77

Goold Ltd v McConnell [1995] IRLR 516 ................................................................................... 37

Grainger plc and ors v Nicholson [2010] ICR 360 .................................................................... 73

Hawes & Curtis v Arfan & Mirza [2012] UKEAT/0229/12/JOJ ................................................ 114

Hayward v Cammell Laird Shipbuilders [1988] IRLR 257 ......................................................... 91

Hewage v Grampian Health Board [2012] UKSC 37 ................................................................. 76

High Table Ltd v Horst [1997] IRLR 513 .................................................................................. 137

Hill v CA Parsons & Co [1972] Ch 305 .................................................................................... 107

Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd [1946] 1 Ch 169 ................................... 39, 40

Holland v Glendale Industries Ltd [1998] ICR 493 .................................................................. 128

Hudson v Department of Work and Pensions [2012] EWCA Civ 1416 ................................... 43

Hunt v Storm Communications, Wild Card Public Relations and Brown

Brothers Wines [2007] UKEAT/2702456/06 .................................................................... 145

Hutchinson v Enfield Rolling Mills [1981] IRLR 318 ................................................................ 104

Iceland Frozen Foods Ltd v Jones [1982] IRLR 439 ................................................................ 122

Industrial Rubber Products v Gillon [1977] IRLR 389 ..................................................... 127, 128

IPC Ltd v Balfour [2003] IRLR 11 ................................................................................................ 81

Irani v Southampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority [1985]

IRLR 203 ........................................................................................................... 107, 108, 126

x Beginning Employment Law

Junk v Kuhnel [2005] IRLR 310 ................................................................................................ 149

Katsikas v Konstantinidis [1993] IRLR 179 .............................................................................. 143

Keeley v Fosroc International [2006] EWCA Civ 1277 ............................................................. 35

Konczac v BAE Systems (Operations) Ltd [2012] UKEAT/0498/11/DM ................................. 102

Lawrence v Regent Office Care Ltd [2003] ICR 1092 ............................................................... 88

Leach v OFCOM [2012] EWCA Civ 959 ..................................................................................... 37

Lee Ting Sang v Ching Chi-Keung [1990] IRLR 236 ............................................................ 50, 57

Leonard v Southern Derbyshire Chamber of Commerce [2001] IRLR 19 ............................... 72

Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1989] ICR 341 .......................................... 145

Logan v Celyn House Ltd [2012] UKEAT/0069/12/JOJ ............................................................ 128

Logan-Salton v Durham County Council [1989] IRLR 99 ........................................................ 100

LOM Management v Sweeney [2012] UKEATS/0058/11/BI ................................................... 145

Lowndes v Specialist Heavy Engineering Ltd [1976] IRLR 246 .............................................. 103

Lumley v Gye [1853] 2 EI & BI 216 .......................................................................................... 161

Macari v Celtic Football and Athletic Co Ltd [1999] ScotCS 138 ............................................ 36

Macarthys Ltd v Smith [1980] IRLR 210 .................................................................................... 88

McCafferty v Royal Mail [2012] UKEATS/0002/12/BI ............................................................... 20

Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International [1997] UKHL 23; [1997]

3 All ER 1 ............................................................................................................ 41, 106, 108

Manchester College v Hazel [2012] UKEAT/0642/11/RN .............................................. 144, 147

Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] ICR 385 HL ............................................................................. 73, 74

Market Investigations Ltd v Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 QB 173 ............................... 57

Martin v MBS Fastenings (Glynwed) Distribution Ltd [1983] IRLR 198 .................................... 98

Massey v Crown Life Insurance [1978] 1 WLR 676 .................................................................. 55

Mears v Safecar Security Ltd [1982] IRLR 183 .......................................................................... 84

Merkur Island Shipping Corp v Laughton [1983] 2 AC 570 ................................................... 162

Miles v Wakefield MDC [1987] IRLR 193 ........................................................................... 41, 158

Millam v The Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd [2007] IRLR 526 ............................................. 144

Miller v Interserve Industrial Services Ltd [2012] UKEAT/0244/12 ........................................ 154

Mitchells of Lancaster (Brewers) Ltd v Tattersall [2012]

UKEAT/0605/11/SM ......................................................................................................... 139

Montgomery v Johnson Underwood Ltd [2001] IRLR 269 ..................................... 45, 51, 56, 58

Moon v Homeworthy Furniture [1976] IRLR 298 .................................................................... 135

Moorcock, The [1889] 14 PD 64 ................................................................................................ 36

Morrish v Henleys (Folkestone) Ltd [1973] 2 All ER 127 .......................................................... 37

Morrish v NLT Group [2007] CSIH 56 ...................................................................................... 116

Morton Sundour Fabrics v Shaw [1966] CLY 4472 ........................................................ 136, 139

NAAFI v Varley [1976] IRLR 408 ................................................................................................ 91

National Coal Board v Galley [1958] 1 All ER 91 .................................................................... 158

Table of Cases xi

National Union of Rail, Maritime & Transport Workers v Serco Ltd (& others)

[2011] EWCA Civ 226 ....................................................................................................... 165

Neidel (Georg) v Stadt Frankfurt am Main [2012] (Case C–337/10) ........................................ 84

Nejjary v Aramark Ltd [2012] UKEAT/0054/12/CEA ............................................................... 122

News Group Newspapers Ltd v Society of Graphical and Allied Trades [1986]

IRLR 227 ........................................................................................................................... 166

NHS Leeds v Larner [2012] EWCA Civ 1034 ............................................................................. 84

North Riding Garages v Butterwick [1967] 2 QB 56 ............................................................... 138

Nova Plastics Ltd v Froggatt [1982] IRLR 146 ........................................................................... 40

NWL v Woods [1979] 1 WLR 1294 ........................................................................................... 163

OBG v Allan [2008] 1 AC ......................................................................................................... 162

O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] ICR 728 ............................................................... 54–5, 56

O'Laoire v Jackel International [1990] IRLR 170 ..................................................................... 108

Optimum Group Services plc v Muir [2012] UKEATS/0036/12/BI ......................................... 148

Packman v Fauchon [2012] UKEAT/0017/12/LA .................................................................... 136

Parr v Whitbread [1990] IRLR 39 ..................................................................................... 120, 121

Pepper v Webb [1969] 2 All ER 216 .................................................................................... 104–5

Pereda v Madrid Movilidad [2009] (Case C–227/8) .................................................................. 84

Perkin v St George's Healthcare NHS Trust [2005] EWCA Civ 1174 ..................................... 118

Polkey v AE Dayton Services [1987] IRLR 503 ........................................................................ 122

Power v Regent Security Services Ltd [2007] IRLR 226 ......................................................... 143

Preston v Wolverhampton Healthcare NHS Trust [2001] UKHL 5 ........................................... 92

Quantas v Lopez and Hooper [2012] UKEAT/0106/12/SM ...................................................... 81

Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] IRLR 26 ......................................................... 89

Raylor (HB) & Co Ltd v McCardie (1985) EAT 573/84 ............................................................. 104

Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National

Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497 .................................................................................... 51, 53, 58

Reed v Stedman [1999] IRLR 299 ............................................................................................ 127

Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40 ......................................................................................... 107, 108

Roberts v Governing Body of Whitecross School [2012] UKEAT/0070/12/ZT ........................ 80

Robinson v Crompton Parkinson [1978] IRLR 61 ................................................................... 127

Rookes v Barnard [1964] 1 All ER 367 .................................................................................... 162

RS Components v Irwin [1973] IRLR 239; [1974] 1 All ER 41 ........................................... 40, 118

Seawell v Ceva [2012] UKEATS/0034/11/BI ............................................................................ 146

Secretary of State for Employment v Spence [1986] ICR 651 ............................................... 145

Shanahan Engineering v Unite the Union [2010] UKEAT/0411/09 ........................................ 150

Sharp (GF) & co Ltd v McMillan [1998] IRLR 632 ...................................................................... 98

Shepherd (FC) & Co Ltd v Jerrom [1986] IRLR 358 ................................................................... 98

xii Beginning Employment Law

Shields Automotive Ltd v Ronald Greig [2011] UKEATS/0024/10/BI ....................................... 17

Shields v Coomes (Holdings) Ltd [1987] ICR 1159 ................................................................... 88

Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1939] 2 KB 206 ........................................................................ 36

Sim v Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council [1986] IRLR 391 ....................................... 158

Simmons v Castle [2012] EWCA Civ 1288 ................................................................................ 70

Smith v Trafford Housing Trust [2012] EWHC 3221 (Ch) ........................................................ 106

Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council v National Union of Teachers

[1985] IRLR 211 .................................................................................................................. 35

Stevenson, Jordan and Harrison Ltd v Macdonald and Evans [1952] 1 TLR 101 ....... 46, 51, 53

Stringer v Revenue & Customs [2009] (Case C–520–06) IRLR 214 .......................................... 84

Stringfellow Restaurants v Quashie [2012] EWCA Civ 1735 .................................................... 57

Stuart v London City Airport [2012] UKEAT/0273/12 ............................................................. 122

Taylor v Alidair [1978] IRLR 82 ........................................................................................ 104, 119

Taylor v Connex South Eastern Ltd [2000] UKEAT/12432/99 ................................................ 143

Taylor v Kent CC [1969] 2 QB 560 ........................................................................................... 141

Thomson (DC) v Deakin [1952] 2 All ER 361 ........................................................................... 162

Torquay Hotel Co Ltd v Cousins [1969] 2 Ch 106 .................................................................. 162

University of Oxford v Humphreys [2000] IRLR 183 ............................................................... 143

USDAW v WW Realisation Ltd [2013] ET/3201156/10 ............................................................ 149

Vento v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [2003] ICR 318 .................................................... 70

Walker v Crystal Palace Football Club [1910] .......................................................................... 52

Ward Hadaway Solicitors v Capsticks Solicitors LLP [2010]

UKEAT/0471/09/SM ......................................................................................................... 145

Warner Bros v Nelson [1936] 3 All ER 160 ............................................................................. 107

Western Excavating v Sharp [1978] IRLR 27 ........................................................................... 129

White & Todd v Troutbeck SA [2013] UKEAT 0177/12 ............................................................. 51

Williams v Compair Maxam Ltd [1982] ICR 156 ............................................................... 20, 139

Williams v Watson Luxury Coaches Ltd [1990] IRLR 164 ......................................................... 98

Wilson v Racher [1974] IRLR 114 ............................................................................................ 105

Wilson v St Helens BC [1998] IRLR 706 ................................................................................... 145

Wiluszynksi v Tower Hamlets LBC [1989] IRLR 258 ............................................................... 159

Woodcock v Cumbria Primary Care Trust [2012] EWCA Civ 330 ............................................ 71

Woods v WM Car Services Ltd [1981] ICR 666 EAT; [1982] ICR 693 .................................. 22, 36

Wright v Michael Wright Supplies Ltd & Ano [2013] EWCA Civ 234 ..................................... 126

Yewens v Noakes (1880) 6 QBD 530 ........................................................................................ 51

Young & Woods v West [1980] ................................................................................................. 47

Table of Cases xiii

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