Bản tóm tắt chương trình ngữ pháp anh văn lớp 12

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Bản tóm tắt chương trình ngữ

pháp anh văn lớp 12

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BAØI MÔÛ ÑAÀU BAØI MÔÛ ÑAÀU ÑOÄNG TÖØ

VERB

Ñoäng töø ñöôïc duøng ñeå laøm haønh ñoäng cho chuû töø. Ñeå phaân bieät caùc loaïi ñoäng loaïi ñoäng

töø (kinds of verbs), chuùng ta haõy quan saùt sô ñ tö oà döôùi ñaây:

Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be) Auxiliary verb

Special verb Special verb Special verb :

Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should Modal verb …)

Verb :

Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember…) Regular verb

Ordinary verb : Ordinary verb : Ordinary verb :

Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive…) Irregular verb

Ñoäng töø tieáng Anh coù hai loaïi: ñoäng töø ñaëc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät (special verb) vaø ñoäng töø bieät ñoäng töø

thöôøng (ordinary verb). thöôøng

(1) Ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät goàm coù: (1) Ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät

* Ñoäng töø trôï (auxiliary verb) : be * Ñoäng töø trôï be (duøng ñeå chia caùc thì tieáp dieãn, theå thuï ñoäng),

have (duøng ñeå chia caùc thì hoaøn thaønh), do have do (duøng ñeå chia caùc theå phuû ñònh vaø nghi

vaán).

- He is working hard this month. (thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn)

- The house was built five years ago. (theå thuï ñoäng)

- He has learned English for two years. (thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh)

- Do you like tea ? (theå nghi vaán)

- She does not like coffee. (theå phuû ñònh)

* Ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát (modal verb) : caàn phaû * Ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát i coù ñoäng theo sau.

- We must study hard.

- He can play the piano.

Ñaëc ñieåm chung cuûa caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät laø Ñaëc ñieåm chung cuûa caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät khi ñoåi sang theå phuû ñònh ta chæ caàn

theâm NOT vaøo sau caùc ñoäng töø ñoù vaø khi ñoåi sang theå nghi vaán ta ñöa caùc ñoäng töø ñoù

ra ñaàu caâu.

- He is not working hard this month.

- Is he working hard this month ?

- He has not found his book.

- Have you seen her yet ?

- She cannot swim.

- Should we go there ?

(2) Ñoäng töø thöôøng (2) Ñoäng töø thöôøng töø thöôøng goàm coù :

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* Ñoäng töø coù qui taéc (regular verb) : laø ñoäng * Ñoäng töø coù qui taéc töø khi thaønh laäp thì quaù khöù ñôn

(simple past) hay quaù khöù phaân töø (past paticiple) ta chæ caàn theâm –ED vaøo sau ñoäng

töø ñoù.

- I opened the door this morning. (simple past )

- I have opened the door. (past participle)

* Ñoäng töø baát qui taéc (irregular verb) : laø ño * Ñoäng töø baát qui taéc äng töø coù hình thöùc quaù khöù (xem coät

2 cuûa baûng ñoäng töø baát qui taéc) vaø quaù khöù phaân töø (xem coät 3) rieâng.

to go went gone

to write wrote written

to run ran run

to hit hit hit

- He went to the cinema last night. (simple past )

- He has gone out. (past participle)

Ñoäng töø thöôøng coù chung ñaëc ñieåm laø khi ñoåi Ñoäng töø thöôøng coù chung ñaëc ñieåm sang theå phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán ta phaûi

duøng ñoäng töø trôï “to do”. Ta theâm NOT vaøo sau caùc ñoäng töø trôï ôû theå phuû ñònh vaø ñöa

ñoäng töø trôï ra ñaàu caâu neáu ôû theå nghi vaán.

- He did not go to the pub last night.

- Did he go to the cinema last night ?

- I do not like tea.

- Do you enjoy classical music ?

- She does not know the answer.

- Does he understand the lesson ?

* Ñoäng töø “to do” vöøa laø ñoäng töø thöôøng vöøa laø ñoäng töø trôï.

- He does his homework. (ñoäng töø thöôøng)

- He does not understand the lesson. (ñoäng töø trôï)

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Baøi 1: CAÙCH DUØNG CAÙC THÌ CAÙCH DUØNG CAÙC THÌ CAÙCH DUØNG CAÙC THÌ

(THE USE OF TENSES) (THE USE OF TENSES)

Thì bieåu thò thôøi gian vaø traïng thaùi cuûa haønh ñoäng ñöôïc dieãn ñaït baèng ñoäng töø.

Coù 12 thì ôû daïng chuû ñoäng cuûa ñoäng töø tieáng Anh. Ñeå hieåu ñöôïc hình thaùi cuûa caùc thì,

ta coù theå nghieân cöùu caùch chia ñoäng töø TO WORK trong baûng döôùi ñaây :

Simple Continuous Continuous Continuous Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect continuous Perfect continuous

Present Present

- I (You / We /

They) work

- He ( She / It)

works

- I am working I am working I am working

- He (She / It) is

working working

- You ( - You (We / They)

are working are working

- I (You / We /

They) have worked have worked have worked

- He (She / It) has

worked

- I (You / We /

They) have been have been

working working

- He ( She / It) has

been working been working working

Past - I (You / He /

She / It / We /

They) worked

- I (He / She / It)

was working was working

- You (We / They)

were working were working

- I (You / He / She /

It / We / They) had

worked

- I (You / He / She /

It / We / They) had

been working been working working

Future - I (We) shall

work

- You (He /

She / it / They)

will work will work

- I (We) shall be shall be shall be

working working

- You (He / She / It

/ They) will be will be will be

working working

- I (We) shall have hall have hall have

worked

- You (He / She / it /

They) will have will have will have

worked

- I (We) shall have shall have

been working been working working

- You (He / She / It /

They) will have will have

been working been working

* 1.SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT

VAØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tieáng Anh coù hai thì hieän taïi maø ña soá caùc em hoïc sinh hay laãn loän caùch söû duïng.

Ñoù laø thì hieän taïi ñôn (Simple Present Simple Present Simple Present) vaø thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn (Present Present Continuous sent Continuous Continuous).

* Thì Simple Present Simple Present Simple Present ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng dieãn ra trong thôøi gian noùi

chung, khoâng nhaát thieát phaûi laø thôøi gian ôû hieän taïi. Thôøi gian noùi chung laø thôøi gian

maø söï vieäc dieãn ra moãi ngaøy (every day), moãi tuaàn (every week), moãi thaùng (every

month), moãi naêm (every year), moãi muøa (every spring / summer / autumn every spring / summer / autumn / winter)… / winter)…

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- He goes to school every day.

- Mrs Brown travels travels travels every summer.

* Thì Present Continuous Present Continuous Present Continuous ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra (a current current

activity) hay moät söï vieäc chuùng ta ñang laøm ba activity ây giôø (now/ at present/ at this moment),

hoâm nay (today), tuaàn naøy (this week), naêm nay (this year)…

- We are learning are learning are learning English now.

- Mary is playing is playing is playing the piano at the moment.

Haõy so saùnh : - I work in a bakery every day. every day. every day.

- I’m working in a bakery this week. this week. this week.

* CHUÙ YÙ : * CHUÙ YÙ :

(1) + Thì Simple Present Simple Present Simple Present thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø chæ tri giaùc ñoäng töø chæ tri giaùc (verbs of töø chæ tri giaùc

perception) nhö : feel, see, hear feel, see, hear feel, see, hear… vaø caùc ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaù ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaùi ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaùi nhö : know, i know, understand, understand,

mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… r, recognize, believe…

+ Ngoaøi ra chuùng ta coøn duøng thì Simple Present Simple Present Simple Present vôùi ñoäng töø : be, appear, appear,

belong, have to… belong, have to…

+ Thì Simple Present Simple Present Simple Present coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc traïng tö traïng töø chæ taàn suaát laäp traïng töø chæ taàn suaát laäp ñi laäp laïi ø chæ taàn suaát laäp ñi laäp laïi ñi laäp laïi

(adverbs of frequency) nhö : always, usually, often always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, g always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generall , sometimes, seldom, generally,

rarely, never… rarely, never…

- That child needs care.

- This book belongs belongs belongs to me.

- He never comes late.

+ Chuùng ta cuõng duøng thì Simple Present Simple Present Simple Present ñeå chæ moät chaân lyù moät chaân lyù moät chaân lyù hay moät söï thaät hieån moät chaân lyù moät söï thaät hieån

nhieân (a general truth). nhieân

- The sun rises in the east.

- Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom.

(2) Thì Present Continuous Present Continuous Present Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ haønh ñ haønh ñoäng ôû moät haønh ñoäng ôû moät töông lai gaàn oäng ôû moät töông lai gaàn töông lai gaàn (a

near future action) vaø thöôøng ñi vôùi caùc traïng töø chæ töông lai nhö : tomorrow, next tomorrow, next

week, next month, next year, next summer… week, next month, next year, next summer… year, next summer…

Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous

tense.

1/ I (have) __________ coffee for breakfast every day.

2/ My brother (work) __________ in a shoe store this summer.

3/ The student (look) ___________ up that new word now.

4/ She (go) __________ to school every day.

5/ We (do) __________ this exercise at the moment.

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6/ Miss Helen (read) ___________ a newspaper now.

7/ It (rain) __________ very much in the summer. It (rain) _________ now.

8/ Bad students never (work) __________ hard.

9/ He generally (sing) __________ in English, but today he (sing) __________

in Spanish.

10/ We seldom (eat) __________ before 6.30.

11/ She sometimes (buy) ___________ vegetables at his market.

12/ Be quiet. The baby (sleep) ____________.

13/ We always (do) ___________ our exercises carefully.

14/ Look. A man (run) ___________ after the train. He (want) ___________ to

catch it.

15/ It (be) __________ very cold now.

16/ John (travel) __________ to England tomorrow.

17/ I (need) ____________ some money for my textbooks.

18/ Tom (like) __________ to go to the museums.

19/ Mary (love) __________ ice-cream.

20/ My mother (cook) ___________ some food in the kitchen at present. She

always (cook) __________ in the mornings.

21/ I often (leave) __________ the city at weekends.

22/ The guests (watch) __________ the TV programmes now.

23/ I (see) ___________ you (wear) ___________ your best clothes.

24/ The sun (set)___________ in the west.

25/ My friend (study) __________ English for an hour every night.

26/ Listen. I (hear)___________ someone knocking at the front door.

27/ I (do) __________ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I

(think) __________ that I (know) __________ how to use it now.

28/ Honesty (be) __________ the best policy.

29/ The earth (goes) __________ round the sun.

30/ Two and two (make) __________ four.

* 2 SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT THÌ PRESENT PERFECT THÌ PRESENT PERFECT

VAØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST THÌ SIMPLE PAST THÌ SIMPLE PAST

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* Thì Present Present Present perfect perfect perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù khoâng

roõ thôøi ñieåm coøn lieân laïc vôùi hieän taïi.

* Thì Simple Past Simple Past Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù coù thôøi ñieåm roõ reät

caét ñöùt vôùi hieän taïi.

+ CHUÙ YÙ :

(1) Thì Present Perfect Present Perfect Present Perfect thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng töø nhö : up to now : up to now, up to to now up to the present the present the present,

so far (cho tôùi nay), not … yet so far not … yet not … yet (vaãn chöa), for, since, ever for, since, ever for, since, ever (ñaõ töøng), never, several never, several

times (nhieàu laàn), just times just (vöøa), recently recently recently (vöøa môùi), lately (môùi ñaây) ...

- Have you ever seen ever seen ever seen a tiger ?

- The train has not arrived has not arrived has not arrived yet.

- We have lived have lived have lived here for 6 years.

- The bell has just rung. has just rung. has just rung.

(2) * Thì Simple Past Simple Past Simple Past thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng tieáng chæ thôøi gian quaù khöù xaùc ñònh

nhö : yesterday yesterday yesterday, the day before yest the day before yest the day before yesterday, last week last week last week, last month, last month, last month, last year last year last year, last

summer, ago summer ago.

- We came here a month ago.

- He went to the cinema yesterday.

* Thì Simple Past Simple Past Simple Past coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät chuoãi caùc haønh ñoäng keá tieáp xaûy

ra trong quaù khöù.

- He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out.

Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense.

1/ We (never watch) __________ that TV programme.

2/ We (wacth) __________ a good programme on TV last night.

3/ He (read) __________ that novel many times before.

4/ He (read) __________ that novel again during my last vacation.

5/ I (have) __________ a little trouble with my car last week.

6/ However, I (have) __________ no trouble with my car since then.

7/ I (not see) __________ John for a long time. I (see) __________ him 3

weeks ago.

8/ The school bell (ring) __________. We must go now.

9/ I (meet) __________ Mary last night. She (become) __________ a very big

girl.

10/ He is very thirsty. He (not drink) __________ since this morning.

11/ It is very hot. Summer (come) __________.

12/ They (study) __________ at this school for 7 years now.

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13/ They (begin) __________ to study at this school 7 years ago.

14/ Since when (you know) ___________ her ?

15/ How long ago (he start) __________ to learn French ?

16/ She (lose) __________ her handbag on the train yesterday morning.

17/ My mother (be) ________ in hospital for a long time and she cannot go

home yet.

18/ His dog (just run) __________ out of the garden.

19/ Mr Brown (travel) __________ by air several times in the past.

20/ He (travel) ___________ to Mexico by air last summer.

* 3. SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT VAØ

THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Present perfect Present perfect Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ keát quaû cuûa moät

tình traïng ôû hieän taïi (the result of the present state), moät vieäc xaûy ra trong quaù khöù

khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm, laäp ñi laäp laïi nhieàu laàn vaø keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi.

+ Thì Present Present Present Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå

chæ söï tieáp dieãn cuûa moät haønh ñoäng (the continuity of an action) cho tôùi hieän taïi.

- I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet.

- He has been living here since 1975.

- We have been working in the garden all morning.

+ Thì Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø nhö : lie, wait, sit, wait, sit,

stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay… stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay…

- They have been learning English since 1995.

- The chair has been lying in the store window for ages.

Exercise III : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect the present perfect

continuous tense. continuous tense.

1/ I (try) __________ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) __________

yet.

2/ She (read) _________ all the works of Dickens.How many (you read)

_________ ?

3/ I (wait) __________ here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think

she (forget) __________ to come ?

4/ Mary (rest) __________ in the garden all day because she (be) __________

ill.

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5/ Although John (study) __________ at the University for 5 years, he (not get)

__________ his degree yet.

6/ Jack (go) __________ to Switzerland for a holiday. He (never, be)

__________ there.

7/ We (live) __________ here for the last six months, and (just, decide)

__________ to move.

8/ That book ( lie) __________ on the table for weeks. You (not read)

_________ it yet ?

9/ He (not be) ___________ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live)

__________ since then.

10/ He (lose) ___________ his books. He (look) ____________ for them all

afternoon, but they (not turn up) ___________ yet.

11/ She (work) ___________ so hard this week that she (not have)

___________ time to go to the cinema.

12/ Your hair is wet. (You swim) __________ for a long time ?

13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive)__________ cars for six years.

14/ You look very tired. (You work) __________very hard ?

15/ The phone (ring) __________ for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) __________

it yet.

Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses.

1/ I (be) __________ sorry. I (forget) __________ that fellow’s name already.

2/ Jack (look) __________ forward to his vacation next June.

3/ I (have) __________ no trouble with my english lessons up to now.

4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) ___________ in New York for 2 months.

5/ Michael (work) __________ 38 hours a week.

6/ At present, that author (write) ___________ a novel.

7/ George (do) __________ good work in this class so far.

8/ The weather( generally, get) __________ hot in July .

9/ You must wake her up. She (sleep) __________soundly for 10 hours.

10/ Listen! I (think) __________ someone (knock) __________ at the front

door.

11/ How long (you learn) __________ English?

12/ That student (know) __________ all the new words very well now.

13/ Alice (lose) __________ her Vienamese-English dictionary.

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14/ Fred (just, graduate) __________ from Oxford University.

15/ The earth (circle) __________ the sun once every 365 days.

16/ That grandfather clock (stand) __________ there for as long as I can

remember.

17/ That brown briefcase (belong) __________ to Dr.Rice.

18/ Jim (work) __________ on his report this year.

19/ Robert (wait) __________ for you since noon.

20/ That museum (stand) ___________ here for ceturies.

21/ The sun (get) __________ very hot during the afternoon.

22/ Tom (buy) ___________ a new car next week.

23/ The boys and girls (go) ___________ home after this lesson.

24/ Davis (play) __________ football every afternoon.

25/ Up to the present, we (write) __________ almost every lesson in this book.

* 4. SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST THÌ SIMPLE PAST THÌ SIMPLE PAST

VAØ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

+ Thì Simple Past Simple Past Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ngaén (thình

lình) xaûy ra trong quaù khöù.

- I met him in the street yesterday.

+ Thì Past Continuous Past Continuous Past Continuous (Quaù Khöù Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng keùo

daøi trong quaù khöù töông öùng vôùi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc cuõng trong quaù khöù.

- I met him while he was crossing was crossing was crossing the street.

- She was going was going was going home when she saw an accident.

+ Thì Past Continuous Past Continuous Past Continuous coøn dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc

ñònh ôû quaù khöù hoaëc hai haønh ñoäng lieân tieáp song song vôùi nhau.

- My father was watching was watching was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.

- I was doing was doing was doing my homework while my father was watching was watching was watching TV.

Exercise V : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense.

1/ He (sit) __________ in a bar when I (see) __________ him.

2/ When I (go) __________ out, the sun (shine) __________.

3/ The light (go) __________ out while I (have) __________ tea.

4/ When it (rain) __________ , she(carry) __________ an umbrella.

5/ We (walk) __________ to the station when it (begin) __________ to rain.