Advances in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste

ADVANCES IN

AND BIOREMEDIATION OF

RAM CHANDRA

CHANDRA

ADVANCES IN BIODEGRADATION A N D

BIOREMEDIATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE

ISBN: 978-1-4987-0054-2

9 781498 700542

90000

K24526

Addresses a Global Challenge to Sustainable Development

Advances in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste examines

and compiles the latest information on the industrial waste biodegradation process

and provides a comprehensive review. Dedicated to reducing pollutants generated

by agriculturally contaminated soil, and plastic waste from various industries, this

text is a book that begs the question: Is a pollution-free environment possible? The

book combines with current available data with the expert knowledge of specialists

from around the world to evaluate various aspects of environmental microbiology

and biotechnology. It emphasizes the role of different bioreactors for the treatment

of complex industrial waste and provides specific chapters on bioreactors and

membrane process integrated with biodegradation process. It also places special

emphasis on phytoremediation and the role of wetland plant rhizosphere bacterial

ecology and the bioremediation of complex industrial wastewater. The authors

address the microbiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of biodegradation

and bioremediation which cover numerous topics, including microbial genomics and

proteomics for the bioremediation of industrial waste.

This text contains 14 chapters and covers

• Bioprocess engineering and mathematical modelling with a focus on

environmental engineering

• The roles of siderophores and the rhizosphere bacterial community for

phytoremediation of heavy metals

• Current advances in phytoremediation, especially as it relates to the mechanism

of phytoremediation of soil polluted with heavy metals

• Microbial degradation of aromatic compounds and pesticides: Challenges

and solution

• Bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated wastewater of refinery plants

• The role of biosurfactants for bioremediation and biodegradation of various

pollutants discharged from industrial waste as they are tools of biotechnology

• The role of potential microbial enzymatic processes for bioremediation of

industrial waste

• The latest knowledge regarding the biodegradation of tannery and textile waste

A resource for students interested in the field of environment, microbiology,

industrial engineering, biotechnology, botany, and agricultural sciences, Advances

in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste provides recent

knowledge and approaches on the bioremediation of complex industrial waste.

Environmental Engineering

K24526_COVER_final.indd 1 2/5/15 10:58 AM

ADVANCES IN

AND BIOREMEDIATION OF

ADVANCES IN

AND BIOREMEDIATION OF

RAM CHANDRA

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Version Date: 20150202

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v

Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................... vii

Editor........................................................................................................................ix

Contributors............................................................................................................xi

1. Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants: An

Eco-Sustainable Green Technology to Environmental Management...1

Ram Chandra, Gaurav Saxena and Vineet Kumar

2. Microbial Cells Dead or Alive: Prospect, Potential and

Innovations for Heavy Metal Removal.................................................... 31

Adeline Su Yien Ting

3. Microbial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds and Pesticides:

Challenges and Solutions ........................................................................... 67

Randhir Singh, Rohini Karandikar and Prashant S. Phale

4. Laccases and Their Role in Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents ....97

Vijaya Gupta, Neena Capalash and Prince Sharma

5. Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers for Treatment of Industrial

Wastes............................................................................................................ 127

Zulfiqar Ahmad, David Crowley, Muhammad Arshad and Muhammad Imran

6. Biodegradation of Lignocellulosic Waste in the Environment ......... 155

Monika Mishra and Indu Shekhar Thakur

7. Microbial Degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)

Pesticides ...................................................................................................... 181

Hao Chen, Bin Gao, Shengsen Wang and June Fang

8. Biodegradation of Cellulose and Agricultural Waste Material........ 211

Nadeem Akhtar, Dinesh Goyal and Arun Goyal

9. Laboratory-Scale Bioremediation Experiments on Petroleum

Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Wastewater of Refinery Plants............235

Boutheina Gargouri

10. Microbial Degradation of Textile Dyes for Environmental Safety.... 249

Ram Lakhan Singh, Rasna Gupta and Rajat Pratap Singh

vi Contents

11. Anaerobic Biodegradation of Slaughterhouse Lipid Waste and

Recovery of Bioactive Molecules for Industrial Applications .......... 287

Kandasamy Ramani and Ganesan Sekaran

12. Mechanism of Wetland Plant Rhizosphere Bacteria for

Bioremediation of Pollutants in an Aquatic Ecosystem ..................... 329

Ram Chandra and Vineet Kumar

13. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants ..................... 381

Mohamed Yahya Khan, T.H. Swapna, Bee Hameeda and Gopal Reddy

14. Recent Advances in Bacteria-Assisted Phytoremediation of

Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil................................................. 401

Jawed Iqbal and Munees Ahemad

vii

Preface

Bioremediation and detoxification of environmental pollutants due to indus￾trial activities is a global challenge in the current scenario for sustainable

development of human society. The detailed knowledge of pollutants and

their metabolic mineralisation is prerequisite for the monitoring of envi￾ronmental pollutants. Although the diverse metabolic capabilities of micro￾organisms and their interactions with hazardous organic and inorganic

compounds have been revealed in the recent past, the knowledge explored

in the areas of bioremediation and biodegradation during the recent past is

scattered and not easily accessible to readers. Therefore, the present book

has compiled the available advanced knowledge of biodegradation and bio￾remediation of various environmental pollutants, which are a real challenge

to environmental researchers in the current scenario. In general, the bio￾remediation and biodegradation processes are typically implemented in a

relatively cheaper manner and are applicable on a large scale. Besides, only

a few bioremediation techniques have even been successfully implemented

to clean up the polluted soil, oily sludge and groundwater contaminated by

petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals. Still, some

pollutants released from tanneries, distilleries and the pulp paper industry

are a challenge to scientists due to lack of proper knowledge regarding the

persistent organic pollutants discharged from these industries and the pro￾cess of their detoxification. Similarly, the safe disposal and biodegradation of

hospital waste is also a real challenge worldwide for human health.

For this book, a number of experts from universities, government research

laboratories and industry have shared their specialised knowledge in

environmental microbiology and biotechnology. Chapters dealing with

microbiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of biodegradation and

bioremediation have covered numerous topics, including microbial genomics

and proteomics for the bioremediation of industrial waste. The roles of sidero￾phores and the rhizosphere bacterial community for phytoremediation of

heavy metals have been also described in detail with their mechanisms. The

mechanism of phytoremediation of soil polluted with heavy metals is still

not very clear to all researchers. Therefore, the current advances in phytore￾mediation have been included in this book. The relationship of metagenomes

with persistent organic pollutants present in the sugarcane molasses–based

distillery waste and pulp paper mill wastewater after secondary treatment

has been also described. The role of biosurfactants for bioremediation and

biodegradation of various pollutants discharged from industrial waste has

been described as they are tools of biotechnology. In the bioremediation pro￾cess, the role of potential microbial enzymatic processes has been described;

these are very important tools for understanding bioremediation and

viii Preface

biodegradation. The book has also described the latest knowledge regarding

the biodegradation of tannery and textile waste. The role of microbes in plas￾tic degradation bioremediation and recycling of urban waste is highlighted

properly. Although the microbial degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane and

other pesticides has been emphasised earlier in detail, the recent develop￾ment of bioremediation of various xenobiotics is still not well documented

and circulated; hence, this book has described the latest information. The

biodegradation of complex industrial waste is a major challenge for sustain￾able development in the current scenario. Therefore, this book has given

emphasis on the role of different bioreactors for treatment of complex indus￾trial waste. Thus, this book will facilitate to the environmental engineering

student also. This book has also given special emphasis to phytoremedia￾tion and the role of wetland plant rhizosphere bacterial ecology and the

bioremediation of industrial wastewater. Therefore, this book will provide

an opportunity for a wide range of readers, including students, researchers

and consulting professionals in biotechnology, microbiology, biochemistry,

molecular biology and environmental sciences. We gratefully acknowledge

the cooperation and support of all the contributing authors for the publica￾tion of this book.

ix

Editor

Ram Chandra is a professor and founder head of

the Department of Environmental Microbiology at

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University

in Lucknow, India. He obtained his BSc (Hons)

in 1984 and MSc in 1987 from Banaras Hindu

University in Uttar Pradesh, India. Subsequently, a

PhD was awarded in 1994. He started his career as

Scientist B at the Industrial Toxicology Research

Centre Lucknow in the area of biotechnology in

1989. Finally he became a senior principal scientist

(Scientist F) in 2009 in the area of environmental

microbiology at the Indian Institute of Toxicology

Research (IITR) in Lucknow.

He subsequently joined as a professor and head of the Department of

Environmental Microbiology (2011) at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central

University in Lucknow. He has done leading work on bacterial degradation

of lignin from pulp paper mill waste and molasses melanoidin from distill￾ery waste. Consequently, he has authored or coauthored more than 90

original research articles in national and international peer-reviewed jour￾nals of high impact published by Springer, Elsevier and John Wiley and Sons,

Inc. In addition, he has published 18 book chapters and 1 book. He has vast

experience in strategic R & D management preparation of scientific reports.

He has also been awarded for writing 25 popular scientific articles in Hindi. He

also attended and presented more than 65 national and international con￾ference papers on microbiology, biotechnology and environmental biology.

He is a life member of various scientific societies. He also offered different

scientists for training under the International Programme from Germany

and Nigeria. He has chaired various scientific sessions of different scientific

conferences. He is also a guest reviewer for various national and interna￾tional journals in his discipline. He was also a member of a delegation team

that visited Japan for the study of environmental protection from industrial

waste. He is a member of the American Society for Microbiology, USA, and

a life member of the National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad, India. Based

upon this outstanding contribution in the areas of environmental microbiol￾ogy and environmental biotechnology, he has been awarded a Fellow of the

Academy of Environmental Biology, the Association of Microbiologist India

and Biotech Research Society of India.

xi

Contributors

Munees Ahemad

Department of Agricultural

Microbiology

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences

Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh, U.P., India

Zulfiqar Ahmad

Department of Environmental

Sciences

University of California

Riverside, California

Nadeem Akhtar

Department of Biotechnology

Thapar University

Patiala, Punjab, India

Muhammad Arshad

Department of Soil and

Environmental Sciences

University of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Neena Capalash

Department of Biotechnology

Panjab University

Chandigarh, India

Ram Chandra

Department of Environmental

Microbiology

School for Environmental Sciences

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar

Central University

Lucknow, India

Hao Chen

Department of Agricultural and

Biological Engineering

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

David Crowley

Department of Environmental

Sciences

University of California

Riverside, California

June Fang

Department of Agricultural and

Biological Engineering

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Bin Gao

Department of Agricultural and

Biological Engineering

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Boutheina Gargouri

Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et

Environnement, Ecole nationale

d’ingénieurs de Sfax

Université de Sfax

Sfax, Tunisia

Arun Goyal

Department of Biotechnology

Indian Institute of Technology

Guwahati, Assam, India

xii Contributors

Dinesh Goyal

Department of Biotechnology

Thapar University

Patiala, Punjab, India

Rasna Gupta

Department of Biochemistry

Dr. RML Avadh University

Faizabad, India

Vijaya Gupta

Department of Microbiology

Panjab University

Chandigarh, India

Bee Hameeda

Department of Microbiology

Osmania University

Hyderabad, India

Muhammad Imran

Department of Environmental

Sciences

University of Gujrat

Gujrat, Pakistan

Jawed Iqbal

Department of Microbiology and

Immunology

H. M. Bligh Cancer Research

Laboratories

Rosalind Franklin University of

Medicine and Science

Chicago Medical School

North Chicago, Illinois

Rohini Karandikar

Department of Biosciences and

Bioengineering

Indian Institute of

Technology-Bombay

Powai, India

Mohamed Yahya Khan

Department of Microbiology

Osmania University

Hyderabad, India

Vineet Kumar

Department of Environmental

Microbiology

School for Environmental Sciences

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar

Central University

Lucknow, India

Monika Mishra

School of Environmental Sciences

Jawaharlal Nehru University

New Delhi, India

Prashant S. Phale

Department of Biosciences and

Bioengineering

Indian Institute of

Technology-Bombay

Powai, India

Kandasamy Ramani

Department of Biotechnology

School of Bioengineering

SRM University

Kattankulathur, Chennai, India

Gopal Reddy

Department of Microbiology

Osmania University

Hyderabad, India

Gaurav Saxena

Department of Environmental

Microbiology

School for Environmental Sciences

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar

Central University

Lucknow, India

Contributors xiii

Ganesan Sekaran

Environmental Technology Division

CSIR-Central Leather Research

Institute

Adyar, Chennai, India

Prince Sharma

Department of Microbiology

Panjab University

Chandigarh, India

Rajat Pratap Singh

Department of Biochemistry

Dr. RML Avadh University

Faizabad, India

Ram Lakhan Singh

Department of Biochemistry

Dr. RML Avadh University

Faizabad, India

Randhir Singh

Department of Biosciences and

Bioengineering

Indian Institute of

Technology-Bombay

Powai, India

T. H. Swapna

Department of Microbiology

Osmania University

Hyderabad, India

Indu Shekhar Thakur

School of Environmental Sciences

Jawaharlal Nehru University

New Delhi, India

Adeline Su Yien Ting

School of Science

Monash University Malaysia

Jalan Lagoon Selatan

Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Shengsen Wang

Department of Agricultural and

Biological Engineering

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida