Worldwide Destinations

Worldwide Destinations:

The Geography of

Travel and Tourism

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Worldwide Destinations:

The Geography of

Travel and Tourism

Fifth Edition

Brian Boniface

and

Chris Cooper

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford

Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Sydney • Tokyo

Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

Butterworth-Heinemann is an Imprint of Elsevier

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Fifth edition 2009

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ISBN: 978-0-7506-8947-2

Printed and bound in Slovenia

09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

List of Figures vii

List of Tables ix

Preface xi

Part 1 The Elements of the Geography of Travel and Tourism

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Geography of Travel and Tourism 3

Chapter 2 The Geography of Demand for Tourism 21

Chapter 3 The Geography of Resources for Tourism 39

Chapter 4 Climate and Tourism 65

Chapter 5 The Geography of Transport for Travel and Tourism 91

Chapter 6 The Future Geographies of Travel and Tourism 119

Part 2 The Regional Geography of Travel and Tourism

SECTION 1 EUROPE 135

Chapter 7 An Introduction to the Tourism Geography of Europe 137

Chapter 8 An Introduction to the Tourism Geography of Britain 149

Chapter 9 The Tourism Geography of England and the Channel Islands 167

Chapter 10 The Tourism Geography of Scotland, Wales and the Isle of Man 185

Chapter 11 The Tourism Geography of Ireland 199

Chapter 12 The Tourism Geography of Scandinavia 211

Chapter 13 The Tourism Geography of the Benelux Countries 231

Chapter 14 The Tourism Geography of Austria, Germany and Switzerland 245

Chapter 15 The Tourism Geography of France 265

Chapter 16 The Tourism Geography of Spain and Portugal 287

Chapter 17 The Tourism Geography of Italy and Malta 317

Chapter 18 The Tourism Geography of South-Eastern Europe 337

Chapter 19 The Tourism Geography of Central and Eastern Europe,

Russia and the CIS 365

SECTION 2 AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 393

Chapter 20 The Tourism Geography of the Middle East 395

Chapter 21 The Tourism Geography of Africa 417

Contents

vi

SECTION 3 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 455

Chapter 22 The Tourism Geography of South Asia 457

Chapter 23 The Tourism Geography of East Asia 477

Chapter 24 The Tourism Geography of Australasia and the Pacifi c 513

SECTION 4 THE AMERICAS 535

Chapter 25 The Tourism Geography of North America 537

Chapter 26 The Tourism Geography of the Caribbean Islands 575

Chapter 27 The Tourism Geography of Middle and South America 591

References 617

Useful Sources 619

Index 631

List of Figures

1.1 Leisure, recreation and tourism 4

1.2 Classifi cation of travellers 6

1.3 The tourism system 8

1.4 The gravity model 10

1.5 The travel experience 17

2.1 Stages in economic growth 27

2.2 The demographic transition 29

3.1 Tourism planning fl ow chart 44

3.2 Visitor management strategies and actions 44

3.3 Part of South Beach, Miami before and after

replenishment in the early 1980s 48

3.4 A hierarchy of tourist attractions 53

3.5 The recreational business district 60

3.6 The tourist area life cycle 60

4.1 World climate zones 68

4.2 Temperature and clothing for holiday travel in January 69

4.3 Bioclimatic chart 70

4.4 A UV Index for Thunder Bay, Canada (latitude 48 ° N) 71

4.5 Tropical lowland and highland climates 86

5.1 A route network map: ferry services to the Greek islands 102

5.2 The fi ve freedoms of the air 105

5.3 IATA traffi c conference areas 106

6.1 International tourism in metamorphosis 131

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List of Tables

1.1 Smith’s typology of tourists 13

1.2 Leisure and business tourism 16

2.1 Economic development and tourism 26

2.2 Domestic age and tourism demand 34

2.3 Cohen’s classifi cation of tourists 35

3.1 Carrying capacity 42

3.2 The benefi ts of tourism planning 43

3.3 A classifi cation of recreational resources 55

3.4 A typology of tourist centres 59

4.1 World climates and tourism 76

5.1 The historical development of transport and tourism 95

5.2 Characteristics of transport modes 100

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Preface

In the mid-1980s when we set out to write the fi rst edition of The Geography of

Travel and Tourism, we were pioneering new territory, following in the footsteps of a

very small band of geographers who had discovered tourism as a fi eld of research.

Since then the territory has been well and truly explored by a host of authors writ￾ing textbooks, reports and papers for specialist journals. Yet at the same time the

focus on tourism is becoming narrower, with most authors specialising in ever￾smaller areas of the discipline, and with very few geographers taking a comprehen￾sive approach to travel and tourism.

As with the fourth edition, there is a companion volume of case studies – World

Destinations Casebook: Destinations in Focus –as a learning resource for students

and teachers. We also hope that the fourth edition has a less Euro-centric approach

than its predecessors by giving more space to emerging destinations in Africa, Asia

and the Americas. We have also updated the text to take account of issues such as

climate change. The chapter on the future geographies of tourism has been given

greater emphasis by being included in the introductory section of the book.

Nonetheless, we have retained many of the ingredients of previous success￾ful editions. In particular, we have retained our comprehensive coverage of every

country in the world. Some world regions have been altered in their composition to

be more compatible with the divisions of the UN World Tourism Organization. For

example, Eastern Europe as a political entity is a historical memory, and Turkey, for￾merly treated as part of the Middle East, is now a serious contender for membership

of the European Union. A new chapter on South-Eastern Europe recognises these

geographical realities. Similarly the Caribbean islands now have their own chapter

instead of being included as part of Latin America.

The regional chapters are written to a fl exible template which generally consists

of the setting for tourism, demand and the supply-side of tourism, including trans￾port, organisation and resources. As in previous editions we stress the demand-side

of tourism, particularly where it concerns the world’s most important generators

of domestic and outbound travel. We make no apology for this comprehensive

approach, as we feel it is needed more than ever before in a subject area domi￾nated by increasing specialisation, and our book therefore complements the more

detailed treatment of tourism found in the host of textbooks, reports and academic

papers that deal with specifi c themes or destinations. There are moreover a number

of differences from its predecessors which we think will improve the appeal of the

fi fth edition. Each chapter now offers a number of assignments and/or discussion

points to encourage greater student involvement. We have dispensed with the learn￾ing objectives at the beginning of each regional chapter, because teachers are the

Preface

xii

best judge of learning criteria for a specifi c lesson/lecture. Outline maps introduce

each of the world regions, while photographs illustrate a selection of tourist themes

and destinations. Each chapter is concluded with a series of summary points.

Supplemented with a good atlas, the book provides a framework for understand￾ing most aspects of travel and tourism. Geography can make a unique contribution

to the study, not only of tourism, but also of those man-made and natural events

around the world that make the news headlines. One example of this is Tilly, the

British girl who was able to warn other holidaymakers on a beach in Thailand of the

impending disaster on Boxing Day, 2003, because she had learned about tsunamis

at school as part of her geography course. The study of geography provides insights

as well as information on people and places.

As before, family, friends and colleagues have supported us in writing this edition.

Maria Boniface helped with the research, while Amy and Robyn Cooper compiled

the list of destination websites and assisted Chris with some of the chapters. We

acknowledge the technical help given by Elke, Sarah and other members of staff at

Poole Central Library. Our students, including those on distance learning courses

from many countries around the world, have provided invaluable feedback and infor￾mation on current trends in tourism.

Brian G. Boniface and Chris Cooper

Poole and Nottingham

September 2008

The Elements of

the Geography of

Travel and Tourism

PART 1