Worlds Together, Worlds Apart - Volume Two

This registration code provides access to documents

and other sources available at the

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 3E StudySpace site:

wwnorton.com/studyspace

JGRZ-XDXI

Worlds Together, WORLDS A PART

third edition

volume two

Robert Tignor

Jeremy Adelman

Stephen Aron

Stephen Kotkin

Suzanne Marchand

Gyan Prakash

Michael Tsin

W • W • NORTON & COMPANY BN E W Y O R K • L O N D O N

Worlds Together, Wo r l d s A pa rt

third edition

volume two

the mongol empire to the present

W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder

Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton rst published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the

adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The rm soon expanded its program

beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By

mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts—

were rmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its

employees, and today— with a sta of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and

professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest

publishing house owned wholly by its employees.

Editor: Jon Durbin

Developmental Editor: Alice Vigliani

Copy Editor: Ellen Lohman

Project Editor: Rebecca Homiski

Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo

Production Manager: Benjamin Reynolds

Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson

Marketing Manager: Tamara McNeill

Emedia Editor: Steve Hoge

Design Director: Rubina Yeh

Ancillary Editor: Lorraine Klimowich

Editorial Assistant: Jason Spears

Layout Artist: Brad Walrod

Composition: TexTech, Inc.

Cartographer: Carto-Graphics/Alice Thiede

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2002 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

All rights reserved

The Library of Congress has cataloged the one-volume edition as follows:

Worlds together, worlds apart : a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to

the present / Robert Tignor … [et al.]. — 3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-393-93492-2 (hardcover)

1. World history. I. Tignor, Robert L.

D21.W94 2011

909—dc22

2010036837

This edition:

ISBN: 978-0-393-93494-6 (pbk.)

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110

wwnorton.com

W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ISBN: 978-0-393-11925-1 (pdf ebook)

Contents in Brief

v

Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 ce 363

Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300s–1500s 411

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450s–1600 447

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 483

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 525

Chapter 15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 561

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 599

Chapter 17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 631

Chapter 18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 669

Chapter 19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 707

Chapter 20 The Three-World Order, 1940–1975 745

Chapter 21 Globalization, 1970–2000 785

Epilogue, 2001–The Present 823

This page intentionally left blank

Contents

Preface

The New Edition xxxii

Our Guiding Principles xxxiii

Our Major Themes xxxiv

Overview of Volume One xxxv

Overview of Volume Two xxxvii

Innovative Pedagogical Program, Made Better xxxix

Resources for Instructors xl

Resources for Students xl

Acknowledgments xli

About the Authors xlv

The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds xlviii

Chapter 10 Becoming “The World,”

1000–1300 ce 363

Commercial Connections 364

Revolutions at Sea 364

Commercial Contacts 365

Global Commercial Hubs 365

Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together 369

West Africa and the Mande-Speaking Peoples 369

The Empire of Mali 369

East Africa and the Indian Ocean 372

The Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Slave Trade 373 vii

z

Islam in a Time of Political Fragmentation 374

Becoming the “Middle East” 374

Afro-Eurasian Merchants 375

Diversity and Uniformity in Islam 376

Political Integration and Disintegration 376

What Was Islam? 378

India as a Cultural Mosaic 378

Rajas and Sultans 379

Invasions and Consolidations 380

What Was India? 380

Song China: Insiders versus Outsiders 382

China’s Economic Progress 382

Money and Inflation 382

New Elites 383

Negotiating with Neighbors 384

What Was China? 385

China’s Neighbors Adapt to Change 385

The Rise of Warriors in Japan 386

Southeast Asia: A Maritime Mosaic 386

Christian Europe 389

Western and Northern Europe 389

Eastern Europe 390

The Russian Lands 391

What Was Christian Europe? 392

Christian Europe on the Move: The Crusades and Iberia 393

The Americas 396

Andean States 396

Connections to the North 397

The Mongol Transformation of Afro-Eurasia 401

Who Were the Mongols? 401

Conquest and Empire 404

Mongols in China 405

Mongol Reverberations in Southeast Asia 406

The Fall of Baghdad 406

Conclusion 407

Key Terms 408

Study Questions 409

viii Contents

Chapter 11 Crises and Recovery in

Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1500 411

Collapse and Integration 412

The Black Death 412

Rebuilding States 413

Islamic Dynasties 417

The Mongol Legacy and the Rise of New Islamic Dynasties 417

The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 418

The Safavid Empire in Iran 423

The Delhi Sultanate and the Early Mughal Empire 425

Western Christendom 428

Reactions, Revolts, and Religion 428

State Building and Economic Recovery 430

Political Consolidation and Trade in Portugal 432

Dynasty Building and Reconquest in Spain 432

The Struggles of France and England, and the Success of Small

States 433

European Identity and the Renaissance 433

Ming China 436

Chaos and Recovery 436

Centralization under the Ming 437

Religion under the Ming 438

Ming Rulership 440

Trade under the Ming 441

Conclusion 443

Key Terms 445

Study Questions 445

Contents ix

z

Chapter 12 Contact, Commerce, and

Colonization, 1450–1600 447

The Old Trade and The New 448

The Revival of the Chinese Economy 449

The Revival of Indian Ocean Trade 449

Overland Commerce and Ottoman Expansion 451

European Exploration and Expansion 452

The Portuguese in Africa and Asia 453

The Atlantic World 457

Westward Voyages of Columbus 458

First Encounters 458

First Conquests 459

The Aztec Empire and the Spanish Conquest 459

The Incas 462

The Columbian Exchange 464

Spain’s Tributary Empire 466

Silver 466

Portugal’s New World Colony 468

Coastal Enclaves 468

Sugar Plantations 470

Beginnings of the Transatlantic Slave Trade 470

The Transformation of Europe 470

The Habsburgs and the Quest for Universal Empire in Europe 471

Conflict in Europe and the Demise of Universal Empire 471

The Reformation 471

Religious Warfare in Europe 475

Prosperity in Asia 475

Mughal India and Commerce 476

Prosperity in Ming China 478

Asian Relations with Europe 478

Conclusion 480

Key Terms 481

Study Questions 481

x Contents

z

Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled,

1600–1750 483

Economic and Political Effects of Global

Commerce 484

Extracting Wealth: Mercantilism 484

New Colonies in the Americas 489

Holland’s Trading Colonies 491

France’s Fur-Trading Empire 491

England’s Landed Empire 493

The Plantation Complex in the Caribbean 494

The Slave Trade and Africa 495

Capturing and Shipping Slaves 495

Slavery’s Gender Imbalance 498

Africa’s New Slave-Supplying Polities 499

Asia in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries 501

The Dutch in Southeast Asia 501

Transformations in Islam 502

From Ming to Qing in China 506

Tokugawa Japan 511

Transformations in Europe 514

Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia 514

Economic and Political Fluctuations in Western Europe 516

Conclusion 521

Key Terms 522

Study Questions 523

Contents xi

z

Chapter 14 Cultures of Splendor and

Power, 1500–1780 525

Trade and Culture 526

Culture in the Islamic World 528

The Ottoman Cultural Synthesis 528

Safavid Culture 530

Power and Culture under the Mughals 531

Culture and Politics in East Asia 536

China: The Challenge of Expansion and Diversity 536

Cultural Identity and Tokugawa Japan 539

The Enlightenment in Europe 542

Origins of the Enlightenment 543

The New Science 543

Enlightenment Thinkers 545

African Cultural Flourishing 549

The Asante, Oyo, and Benin Cultural Traditions 549

Hybrid Cultures in the Americas 550

Spiritual Encounters 550

The Making of Colonial Cultures 552

Imperialism in Oceania 553

The Scientific Voyages of Captain Cook 553

Classification and “Race” 556

Conclusion 557

Key Terms 558

Study Questions 559

Chapter 15 Reordering the World,

1750–1850 561

Revolutionary Transformations and

New Languages of Freedom 562

Political Reorderings 563

The North American War of Independence, 1776–1783 566

The French Revolution, 1789–1799 568

Napoleon’s Empire, 1799–1815 572

Revolutions in the Caribbean and Iberian America 572

xii Contents

z

z

Change and Trade in Africa 578

Abolition of the Slave Trade 578

New Trade with Africa 579

Economic Reordering 580

An Industrious Revolution 580

The Industrial Revolution 582

Working and Living 584

Persistence and Change in Afro-Eurasia 585

Revamping the Russian Monarchy 585

Reforming Egypt and the Ottoman Empire 586

Colonial Reordering in India 589

Persistence of the Qing Empire 591

Conclusion 596

Key Terms 597

Study Questions 597

Chapter 16 Alternative Visions of the

Nineteenth Century 599

Reactions to Social and Political Change 600

Prophecy and Revitalization in the

Islamic World and Africa 602

Islamic Revitalization 602

Charismatic Military Men in Non-Islamic Africa 605

Prophecy and Rebellion in China 608

The Dream 609

The Rebellion 610

Socialists and Radicals in Europe 612

Restoration and Resistance 612

Radical Visions 614

Insurgencies against Colonizing and Centralizing

States 618

Alternative to the Expanding United States: Native American Prophets 618

Alternative to the Central State: The Caste War of the Yucatan 622

The Rebellion of 1857 in India 624

Conclusion 628

Key Terms 629

Study Questions 629

Contents xiii

z