World politics: the menu for choice

Second Edition

WORLD POLITICS

Bruce Russett • Harvey Starr

Grenada Nicaragi

Panama

Colombia*

Venezuela

Brazil

Bolivia

Uruguay

.^Hawaii (U.S.A.)

Western J Samoa

F 'ji • * • ». jj

ö u'

Tonga * '

^ { \ Jamaica

Bahamas

____ _ /»• / Dominican

Mexico

Guatemala

El S a lv a d o r/^

Costa Rica

Puerto Rico (U.S.A.)

Ecuador

Spair

Portuga

Moroccc

W Sahar;

Mauritanu

Senega

Gambi:

Upper Volt*

Guyana Guinea Bissai

Suriname Guinei

P Sierra Leonf

n '. Liberii Guiana . - Ivory Coas'

Chile

Argentina

Falkland/M alvinas

Islands

Paraguay

Peru

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Finland

.Czechoslovakia

, Hungary

, Romania

.Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Greece

.Poland*

Mongolia

witzerland

N. Korea

Afghanistan

China

Israel Iran j

Kuwait

' Tunisia Bhutan

Algeria Burma

Jordan

Bahrain￾Saudi

«.Arabia

Vietnam

^ 5 7 u a e

^ -fp ^ Q a ta r

Oman

j South Yemen

■ D|ibouti

Somalia

Uganda

Yemen

Sudan , Bangladesh

Kampuchea

Ethiopia Q Malaysia

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Kenya Singapore

Rwanda

Burundi

Tanzania

Indonesia

Angola

Australia

Sweden

w Norway f

E Germany

USSR

Togo

Ghana

Cameroon **

C A fr Rep^

Equatorial^

Guinea

Gabon'

Rep Congo

S Korea

(/^ Taiwan

Philippines

Zambia

Namibia

Zimbabwe

South Africa

Malawi

Mozambique

Swaziland

Lesotho

Botswana

, * Mauritius

^ Madagascar

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WORLD POLITICS

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WORLD POLITICS

THE MENU FOR CHOICE

S e c o n d E d itio n

Bruce Russett Harvey Starr

Yale U niversity Indiana U niversity

W. H. Freem an and C om pany

N ew York O xford

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Russett, Bruce M.

World politics.

Includes index.

1. International relations. I. Starr, Harvey. II. Title.

JX1391.R88 1985 327 84-24673

ISBN 0-7167-1701-8

Copyright © 1981, 1985 by W. H. Freeman

Company

No part of this book may be reproduced b

mechanical, photographic, or electronic pro* ^

form of a phonographic recording, nor may u u ° r ln the

in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise St° red

public or private use, without written permiss C° p'ed f0

the publisher. '° n fr()rr| r

Printed in the United States of America

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MP 4 3 2 1 0 8 9 8 7 6

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CONTENTS

P reface xi

ART I ANALYTICAL DIMENSIONS 1

1 Analyzing World Politics: Levels of Analysis and

Constraint 3

T h ree Foreign P olicy D ecision s

L ev els o f A nalysis

T h e "M en u " of W orld P olitician s and C on strain ts on

D ecision M akers

P lan o f th e Book

2 Analyzing World Politics: How to Do It 26

A "N e w " Stu d y o f W orld P olitics

T h eo ry and Evidence

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vi / Contents

Facts and Values

The Uses of a Study of World Politics

3 International Actors: States and Other Players on the

World Stage 44

H um ans in G roups: N ation alism and th e N ation

T h e State as In tern atio n al A ctor

N on state A ctors in th e C on tem p orary System

A ll States A re L egally Equal (But Som e A re M ore Equal

T han O th ers)

M icrostates, Sov ereig n ty , and th e State o f States

4 The World System: How It Constrains Behavior 73

T h e In tern atio n al E n v iro n m en t

T ech n ology and th e In tern atio n al E n v iro n m en t

C h aracteristics o f System s

T h e Em ergen ce o f a G lobal System

Status and H ierarch y in th e In tern atio n al System

R elativ e D ep riv ation and A gg ression

W ho Feels D eprived?

5 The World System: Structure, Polarity, and War 94

A llian ces and N o n alig n m en t

M ajor A ctors and the P olarity o f System s

C h aracteristics o f System s: War and Stab ility

C h aracteristics o f System s: P olarity

Balance of Pow er in a M u ltip olar System

T he Effect o f System C h ang e

Som e P ossible C on seq u en ces o f Political C h oices

6 Relations Between States: Bases and Analysis of

Power 127

Foreign Policy and Pow er as R elatio n sh ip s

Pow er: O n e or M any? W h ich M etap h o r to U se?

In flu en ce and H ow to G et It

M ethod s of In flu en ce

P ow er and In flu en ce as A ttribu tes: C ap ab ilities and

T h e ir M easu rem en t

E lem ents of a State's C ap ab ilities In v en to ry

C om b in in g C ap abilities: In d exes of Pow er

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Contents / vii

A Fu rth er W ord on Intan g ib les

T h e In ta n g ib le of In tellig en ce

7 Relations Between States: Instruments of

Influence 162

D ip lom acy and B argain in g

N eg otiation

B arg ain in g and th e R esolution of C on flict

U se o f th e M ilitary for A ch iev in g In tern ation al

In flu en ce

In flu en ce Based on E conom ic R esources

C on clu sion

8 Dom estic Constraints: Do Different Kinds of

Countries Have Different Foreign Policies? 189

Foreign Policy: W hat It Is and H ow We Study It

G oals and O bjectives o f Foreign Policy

D ifferen ces in the Foreign Policy Behavior of States

E con om ic and P olitical D ifferen ces

N atio n al In terest, P articular Interests, and G ov ern m en t

Stru ctu re

9 D o m e stic C o n stra in ts: E con om ics and S o c ie ty 212

Im p erialism and C apitalism

M od ern T h eo ries A bout the Im peratives of C apitalism

T he M ilitary -In d u strial C om plex

E lite A ttitu des and Behavior

Id eolog ies and C o h ere n t B elief System s

State Interests

10 D o m e stic C o n stra in ts: G o v ern m en tal S tru ctu re and

th e R o le o f P u b lic O p in io n 237

C on strain ts and Su pport

Pow er E lites Versus P luralism

T h e Effect of Public O p in ion in A m erican G ov ern m en t

T h e C h ief o f State

G ov ern m en ts as Inform ation Processors

11 R o le: C o m m u n ica tio n and D ecisio n M a k in g 268

In trod u ction : On S e ein g th e M enu and

M akin g C h oices

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PA RT II

D ecisio n M ak in g : A n O v erv iew

T h ree D e c is io n -M a k in g P rocesses

D ecision U n it, T y p e o f D ecisio n , and Decision Stages

In d iv id u als in G o v e rn m e n t: R o le, Decision Making,

and S cre en s

C on clu sion

Individuals and World P o litics: Perceiving the

World 298

L ook in g at th e In d iv id u a l

B elief System s: Im ages an d P ercep tio n s

A ffecting the Im age: P erso n a lity an d Personal

Idiosyncracies

A ffecting the Im age: T h e D e c isio n M aker as a

Physiological A n im al

A ffecting the Im age: C risis S itu a tio n s

Conclusion

r Rr Pr c s AND future problems °f 31,

13 Conflict and

Peration in A rm s Races 331

A Brief History Qf vu

Conflict and Coo 6 v *et"A m erican A rm s Race

T he Security D iiT ration *n th e A rm s R ace

y Ullemma

Cooperation

T h e C auses of A rms Aco . ,

W hat's W rong w Uh A q ,sltior'

8 Uh Arms Races a

14 Deterrence and Arms Cont n>’way ?

r o ‘ 373

C on tem p orary A rm s and Stabi

D ete rre n ce and C risis InstabiHt D eterrer>ce

A void ing th e Escalation of CriSg

A rm s C o n tro l Efforts sin ce World ty

Ethics and War

W hat

15 Causes of Peace Am ong In d u strialized C ov>ntrie s 4 0 8

The Achievement of Peace and Prosperity

The Movement for European U n ity

Trying to Explain Peace

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