World Heritage sites

World Heritage Sites

World Heritage Sites

Tourism, Local Communities and

Conservation Activities

Takamitsu Jimura

Liverpool John Moores University, UK

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© Takamitsu Jimura 2019. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the

copyright owners.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,

London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Jimura, Takamitsu, author.

Title: World Heritage sites : tourism, local communities and conservation

activities / Takamitsu Jimura, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.

Description: Boston, Massachusetts : CAB International, [2018] | Includes

bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018037000| ISBN 9781786392688 (Hardback) | ISBN

9781786392671 (ePDF) | ISBN 9781786392695 (ePub)

Subjects: LCSH: World Heritage areas--Management. | Heritage tourism. |

Cultural property--Conservation and restoration.

Classification: LCC G140.5 .J56 2018 | DDC 338.4/791--dc23 LC record

available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018037000

ISBN-13: 9781786392688 (Hardback)

9781786392695 (ePub)

9781786392671 (ePDF)

Commissioning Editor: Alex Lainsbury

Editorial Assistant: Tabitha Lucy Jay

Production Editor: Ali Thompson

Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India

Printed and bound in the UK by Severn, Gloucester

v

Acknowledgements ix

Preface xi

Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii

List of Figures xv

List of Tables xvii

List of Case Studies xix

1 World Heritage Sites – An Introduction 1

1. Aim and Scope of the Book 1

2. Organizations Related to World Heritage Sites 2

3. The Historical Background of World Heritage Sites 4

4. The World Heritage Convention and Mission of World Heritage Sites 6

5. Designation of World Heritage Sites 7

6. Concepts of Heritage and World Heritage Sites 9

7. Eastern and Western Perspectives 11

8. Structure of the Book 15

2 Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at

World Heritage Sites 20

1. Introduction 20

2. Postmodernism, Globalization and WHSs 22

3. Reality of Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at WHSs 24

Case Study: Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range

(WHS Kii) – Cultural WHS in Japan, Listed in 2004 28

4. Conclusion 29

3 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites 34

1. Tourism Development 34

2. Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites 40

Contents

vi Contents

Case Study: Old Town of Lijiang (WHS Lijiang) – Cultural

WHS in China, Listed in 1997 44

3. Conclusion 44

4 Tourism Marketing at World Heritage Sites 49

1. Tourism and Destination Marketing 49

2. World Heritage Sites: Tourism and Destination Marketing 56

Case Study: Promoting, Discouraging or Banning Tourism at WHSs 60

3. Conclusion 60

5 Local Communities in and around World Heritage Sites 65

1. Local Communities and Local People 65

2. Local People’s Views towards Changes 68

3. Introduction to Four Kinds of Changes in Local Communities 71

4. Psychological Impacts of World Heritage Status and Tourism after

WHS Designation (Attitudinal Changes) 72

Case Study: The UK’s Industrial WHSs and Local Communities 75

5. Conclusion 76

6 The Economic Impacts of World Heritage Site

Designation on Local Communities 81

1. The Economic Impacts of Tourism 81

2. The Economic Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs 85

3. Economic Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and

Local People’s Views 86

Case Study: Economic Impacts of Tourism on Natural WHSs in Africa 92

4. Conclusion 92

7 The Sociocultural Impacts of World Heritage

Site Designation on Local Communities 96

1. The Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism 96

2. The Sociocultural Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs 100

3. The Sociocultural Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and

Local People’s Views 103

Case Study: Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama – Cultural

WHS in Japan, Listed in 1995 108

4. Conclusion 109

8 The Environmental Impacts of World Heritage Site

Designation on Local Communities 114

1. The Environmental Impacts of Tourism 114

2. The Environmental Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs 119

3. Environmental Changes in and around World Heritage Sites

and Local People’s Views 122

Case Study: Natural WHSs in the USA and Japan 125

4. Conclusion 126

Contents vii

9 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage

Sites and Their Implications 131

1. Introduction 131

2. Contemporary Developments in World Heritage Sites 132

3. Contemporary Developments around World Heritage Sites 137

4. Conclusion 142

10 Reflection (Summary) 147

1. World Heritage Sites 147

2. Eastern and Western Viewpoints 150

3. World Heritage Sites: Heritage Management and Conservation Activities 152

4. World Heritage Sites: Tourism 153

5. World Heritage Sites: Local Communities 154

6. Changes in Local Communities and Views towards Changes 155

7. Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites 157

8. Suggested Academic Models 158

Index 161

ix

Acknowledgements

First of all, I am really grateful to CABI and its books team, especially my commissioning editor

Ms Alex Lainsbury, for giving me an opportunity to write a book about the themes that I have been

researching for more than 16 years, and for offering me helpful guidance throughout my book writing

process. The support from Ms Tabitha Jay and Mrs Ali Thompson has also been essential for me to

complete this book.

A number of people and organizations have supported my academic journey to date. Regarding

my research as an MSc and PhD student, I am grateful to my supervisors, tutors and peers at the

University of Greenwich and Nottingham Trent University. I could develop my interest in and knowl￾edge of the World Heritage Sites, tourism, local communities and conservation activities through

studying with them. I would also like to thank my colleagues at York St John University and Liverpool

John Moores University for their understanding of my research and the inspiration they have giv￾en me. A special ‘thank you’ goes to Liverpool John Moores University for their support for this book

project. In addition, I have learned a lot from heritage and/or tourism researchers with whom I have

worked on research projects. I have also been inspired by academics and practitioners, especially

those with whom I shared or exchanged opinions at various heritage and/or tourism conferences,

and at seminars and workshops organized by UNESCO or ICOMOS.

Fortunately, I have built a wide circle of friends in my home country, Japan, my second home

country, the UK, and various countries in different regions of the world. They are my invaluable

assets, expanding my horizons.

I would like to deeply thank my parents, brothers and parents-in-law for their support from

Japan. Finally, I would like to profoundly thank my wife, Akemi Jimura. I could not have completed

this book project without her understanding, patience and encouragement.

xi

Preface

Since my childhood in Japan, I have always enjoyed visiting heritage sites such as Shinto shrines and

Buddhist temples with my family and friends. Travelling has also been my passion. I still remember

my school trips to Kyoto, Tokyo, Nagano and South Kyushu, which are full of cultural and natural

heritage. My interests in heritage in foreign countries and travelling overseas stem from television

programmes such as Kaoru Kanetaka’s The World around Us, See the World by Train and The World

Heritage, and world history and English-language classes in my high school. My first overseas trip

was to the USA with my university friends. I was amazed by magnificent views of the Grand Canyon

and Golden Gate Bridge. Moreover, I enjoyed walking around cities and seeing townscapes that were

totally different from Japanese ones. Talking with local people was a very enjoyable experience,

although my English skills were insufficient at that time. The more I travelled, the more I became

interested in how cultural and natural heritage in a destination had been conserved. To date, I have

been to almost 860 cities in around 60 countries as a tourist or researcher. I have also visited a num￾ber of cultural, natural and mixed World Heritage Sites (hereafter WHSs). My travelling experience;

encounter with people, especially local people; and engagement with heritage, particularly WHSs,

have inspired me, enriched my life, expanded my horizons and given me many friends with diverse

cultural backgrounds.

This book is a culmination of my main research over more than 16 years since I moved to the

UK as an MSc student in 2002. Needless to say, the book would not exist without the contribution to

knowledge in relevant study fields made by forerunners and current researchers sharing similar in￾terests with me. I have learned a lot from their studies, and really appreciate their works. In my view,

the book is characterized by the following three features:

• It is a single-author work, which is rare for books in this subject area.

• It is written in English by a Japanese researcher who has been based in the UK for a long time.

Therefore it reflects the viewpoints of the East as well as those of the West in its contents, aiming

to realize an appropriate balance between the two.

• This is the first book to focus specifically on the relationships between WHSs and key relevant

themes (tourism development, tourism marketing, heritage management, conservation activi￾ties and local communities). The book also covers contemporary developments in and around

the concept of WHSs.

My book is aimed not only at scholars in heritage studies, tourism, cultural studies, area/region￾al studies, anthropology, sociology, development studies, environmental studies and business

xii Preface

studies, but also professionals who are involved in cultural and/or natural heritage management

and conservation, as well as those who engage in tourism management and community matters.

Ultimately, however, I do hope that it will inspire a wider audience’s interest in and awareness of

the themes discussed, especially among young people.

Takamitsu Jimura

Liverpool John Moores University, UK

xiii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ANA All Nippon Airways

BR Biosphere Reserve

DMO destination marketing organization/destination management organization

GDP gross domestic product

GGN Global Geoparks Network

HUL Historic Urban Landscape

IAC International Advisory Committee

ICC International Co-ordinating Council

ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and

Restoration of Cultural Property

ICH Intangible Cultural Heritage

ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites

ICT information and communications technology

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

LDC less-developed countries

LWHD List of World Heritage in Danger

MNC multinational corporation

MoW Memory of the World

NGO non-governmental organization

NPS National Park Service

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OUV Outstanding Universal Value

PACT World Heritage Partnerships for Conservation Initiative

PESTLE Political, Economic, Social (Sociocultural), Technological,

Legal and Environmental

PPP public–private partnership

SME small or medium-sized enterprise

SNS social networking site

SOC State of Conservation Information System

TAC Taishan Administrative Committee

TCLF Cultural Landscape Foundation

TIC tourist information centre

TBL triple bottom line

xiv Abbreviations and Acronyms

UGG UNESCO Global Geopark

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNWTO World Tourism Organization

VM Vienna Memorandum

WH World Heritage

WHC UNESCO World Heritage Centre

WHF World Heritage Fund

WHL World Heritage List

WHS World Heritage Site

WNBR World Network of Biosphere Reserve

WNNR Wolong National Nature Reserve

WOM word-of-mouth

WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature