Wireless sensor networks technology and protocols

WIRELESS SENSOR

TECHNOLOGY

AND PROTOCOLS

NETWORKS

Edited by Mohammad A. Matin

WIRELESS SENSOR

NETWORKS –

TECHNOLOGY

AND PROTOCOLS

Edited by Mohammad A. Matin

Wireless Sensor Networks – Technology and Protocols

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2604

Edited by Mohammad A. Matin

Contributors

M.A. Matin, M.M. Islam, Akshaye Dhawan, S. Chinnappen-Rimer, G. P. Hancke,

Wuyungerile Li, Ziyuan Pan, Takashi Watanabe, Jan Nikodem, Marek Woda, Maciej Nikodem,

Mohamed M. A. Azim, Aly M. Al-Semary, Alexander Klein, Elias Yaacoub, Adnan Abu-Dayya,

Omar M. Sheikh, Samy A. Mahmoud, Gustavo S. Quirino, Admilson R. L. Ribeiro,

Edward David Moreno, A. R. Naseer, Shuai Li, Yangming Li

Published by InTech

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Copyright © 2012 InTech

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Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad

Cover InTech Design Team

First published September, 2012

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Wireless Sensor Networks – Technology and Protocols, Edited by Mohammad A. Matin

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-51-0735-4

Contents

Preface IX

Section 1 Basic Concepts & Energy Efficient

Design Principles 1

Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Sensor Network 3

M.A. Matin and M.M. Islam

Chapter 2 Maximum Lifetime Scheduling

in Wireless Sensor Networks 25

Akshaye Dhawan

Chapter 3 Calculation of an Optimum Mobile

Sink Path in a Wireless Sensor Network 49

S. Chinnappen-Rimer and G. P. Hancke

Chapter 4 Tradeoffs Among Delay, Energy

and Accuracy of Data Aggregation

for Multi-View Multi-Robot Sensor Networks 71

Wuyungerile Li, Ziyuan Pan and Takashi Watanabe

Chapter 5 Spatial Communication Activity

in Wireless Sensor Networks Based

on Migrated Base Stations 99

Jan Nikodem, Marek Woda and Maciej Nikodem

Chapter 6 Assessing the Vulnerabilities of Mission-Critical

Wireless Sensor Networks 117

Mohamed M. A. Azim and Aly M. Al-Semary

Section 2 MAC Protocols 137

Chapter 7 Preamble-Based Medium Access

in Wireless Sensor Networks 139

Alexander Klein

VI Contents

Section 3 Routing Protocols 163

Chapter 8 Multihop Routing for Energy Efficiency

in Wireless Sensor Networks 165

Elias Yaacoub and Adnan Abu-Dayya

Chapter 9 Cross-Layer Design for Smart Routing

in Wireless Sensor Networks 189

Omar M. Sheikh and Samy A. Mahmoud

Section 4 Security Mechanisms 215

Chapter 10 Asymmetric Encryption in Wireless Sensor Networks 217

Gustavo S. Quirino, Admilson R. L. Ribeiro

and Edward David Moreno

Chapter 11 Reputation System Based Trust-Enabled

Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks 233

A. R. Naseer

Section 5 Localization & Positioning 287

Chapter 12 Distributed Range-Free Localization of Wireless Sensor

Networks via Nonlinear Dynamics 289

Shuai Li and Yangming Li

Preface

Wireless Sensor Networks hold the promise of delivering a smart communication

paradigm which enables setting up an intelligent network capable of handling

applications that evolve from user requirements. With the recent technological

advances of wireless sensor network, it is becoming an integral part of our lives.

However, due to the nature of wireless sensor networks, researchers face new

challenges related to the design of algorithms and protocols. This book identifies the

research that needs to be conducted on a number of levels to design and assess the

deployment of wireless sensor networks. It highlights the current state of the

technology, which puts the readers in good pace to be able to understand more

advanced research and make a contribution in this field for themselves.

Chapter 1 has approached to draw the overall concept of a Wireless Sensor network so

that the general readers can be able to easily grasp some ideas in this area.

Chapter 2 examines the problem of maximizing the duration of time for which the

network meets its coverage objective. Since networks are very dense, only a subset of

sensors need to be in “sense” or “on” mode at any given time to meet the coverage

objective, while others can go into a power conserving “sleep” mode. This active set of

sensors is known as a cover. The lifetime of the network can be extended by shuffling

the cover set over time.

Chapter 3 presents the optimum path calculation for a mobile sink and ensures

equitable usage of all nodes to transfer an event message so that no specific set of

nodes is overloaded with the task of routing event messages to the sink.

Chapter 4 discusses data aggregation in wireless multi-view multi-robot sensor

networks and introduces a User Dependent Multi-view Video Transmission (UDMVT)

scheme to decrease the bit rate of multi view video transmission, thus reduces

bandwidth requirement.

Chapter 5 deals with the base station migration feature which allows for reduction a

number of base stations along with the dynamic network load distribution adapted to

a current situation.

X Preface

Chapter 6 investigates the impact of region-based faults on the connectivity of wireless

networks. It also introduces a new model for a worst-case cut (partition) due to failure

regions. The presented model takes into consideration the physical correlation among

the locations of the network nodes and the possible priority of some nodes over the

others. Based on this model, the location of a disaster can be identified.

Chapter 7 presents Preamble sampling protocol which is the ideal candidate for

energy-constraint WSNs.

Preamble sampling can be integrated in many ways to schedule the medium access

and achieve the desired access characteristics.

Chapter 8 outlines cooperative data transmission in wireless sensor networks with the

objective of energy minimization. The problem is formulated into an optimization

problem, and efficient suboptimal methods are presented for the two scenarios: the

multihop case where the maximum number of hops is allowed and the clustering case

where sensors are grouped into cooperating clusters, each headed by a cluster head in

charge of the communication with the base station. Practical implementation aspects

are also discussed.

Chapter 9 covers the design of the smart routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

(WSNs). This protocol is based on performance measure and energy optimization

using cross-layer considerations of the protocol stack. Smart routing selects candidate

nodes that are best able to satisfy both performance and energy conservation

requirements given network conditions. It analyzes application requirements,

available network routes, transmission channel quality and remaining energy

distribution in the network prior to making a resource allocation decision.

Chapter 10 presents different cryptographic algorithms for WSN. The algorithm

Multivariate Quadratic Quasigroup (MQQ) was discovered recently and showed

significant performance when compared to RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography

(ECC). This algorithm is post-quantum, and may even be a good solution when the

quantum computation is standardized.

Chapter 11 describes reputation system based Trust-enabled Routing approach –

Geographic, Energy and Trust Aware Routing (GETAR). A research-guiding approach

is also presented to the reader that analyzes and criticizes different techniques and

solution directions for the Reputation system based Trust-enabled secure routing

problem in wireless sensor network.

Chapter 12 explains the importance of designing localization hardware and

localization algorithms in the development of a WSN system and formulates the

range-free localization problem as two different optimization problems, each of which

corresponds to a dynamic model. The models are described by nonlinear ordinary

differential equations (ODEs). The state value of the ODEs converges to the expected

Preface XI

position estimation of sensors. Both of the two models find feasible solutions to the

formulated optimization problem.

It is believed that the students who seek to learn the latest developments in wireless

sensor network technologies will need this book.

Mohammad A. Matin

Institut Teknologi Brunei,

Brunei Darussalam

Section 1

Basic Concepts &

Energy Efficient Design Principles

Chapter 1

Overview of Wireless Sensor Network

M.A. Matin and M.M. Islam

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/49376

1. Introduction

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure￾less wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as

temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass

their data through the network to a main location or sink where the data can be observed

and analysed. A sink or base station acts like an interface between users and the network.

One can retrieve required information from the network by injecting queries and gathering

results from the sink. Typically a wireless sensor network contains hundreds of thousands

of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes can communicate among themselves using radio signals.

A wireless sensor node is equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio transceivers

and power components. The individual nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) are

inherently resource constrained: they have limited processing speed, storage capacity, and

communication bandwidth. After the sensor nodes are deployed, they are responsible for

self-organizing an appropriate network infrastructure often with multi-hop communication

with them. Then the onboard sensors start collecting information of interest. Wireless sensor

devices also respond to queries sent from a “control site” to perform specific instructions or

provide sensing samples. The working mode of the sensor nodes may be either continuous

or event driven. Global Positioning System (GPS) and local positioning algorithms can be

used to obtain location and positioning information. Wireless sensor devices can be

equipped with actuators to “act” upon certain conditions. These networks are sometimes

more specifically referred as Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks as described in

(Akkaya et al., 2005).

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) enable new applications and require non-conventional

paradigms for protocol design due to several constraints. Owing to the requirement for low

device complexity together with low energy consumption (i.e. long network lifetime), a

proper balance between communication and signal/data processing capabilities must be

found. This motivates a huge effort in research activities, standardization process, and

4 Wireless Sensor Networks – Technology and Protocols

industrial investments on this field since the last decade (Chiara et. al. 2009). At present

time, most of the research on WSNs has concentrated on the design of energy- and

computationally efficient algorithms and protocols, and the application domain has been

restricted to simple data-oriented monitoring and reporting applications (Labrador et. al.

2009). The authors in (Chen et al., 2011) propose a Cable Mode Transition (CMT) algorithm,

which determines the minimal number of active sensors to maintain K-coverage of a terrain

as well as K-connectivity of the network. Specifically, it allocates periods of inactivity for

cable sensors without affecting the coverage and connectivity requirements of the network

based only on local information. In (Cheng et al., 2011), a delay-aware data collection

network structure for wireless sensor networks is proposed. The objective of the proposed

network structure is to minimize delays in the data collection processes of wireless sensor

networks which extends the lifetime of the network. In (Matin et al., 2011), the authors have

considered relay nodes to mitigate the network geometric deficiencies and used Particle

Swarm Optimization (PSO) based algorithms to locate the optimal sink location with respect

to those relay nodes to overcome the lifetime challenge. Energy efficient communication has

also been addressed in (Paul et al., 2011; Fabbri et al. 2009). In (Paul et al., 2011), the authors

proposed a geometrical solution for locating the optimum sink placement for maximizing

the network lifetime. Most of the time, the research on wireless sensor networks have

considered homogeneous sensor nodes. But nowadays researchers have focused on

heterogeneous sensor networks where the sensor nodes are unlike to each other in terms of

their energy. In (Han et al., 2010), the authors addresses the problem of deploying relay

nodes to provide fault tolerance with higher network connectivity in heterogeneous wireless

sensor networks, where sensor nodes possess different transmission radii. New network

architectures with heterogeneous devices and the recent advancement in this technology

eliminate the current limitations and expand the spectrum of possible applications for WSNs

considerably and all these are changing very rapidly.

Figure 1. A typical Wireless Sensor Network

2. Applications of wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks have gained considerable popularity due to their flexibility in

solving problems in different application domains and have the potential to change our lives