Water Treatment in Developed and Developing Nations: An International Perspective

WATER TREATMENT

IN DEVELOPED

AND DEVELOPING NATIONS

An International Perspective

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WATER TREATMENT

IN DEVELOPED

AND DEVELOPING NATIONS

An International Perspective

Edited by

Victor Monsalvo, PhD

CRC Press

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VICTOR MONSALVO, PhD

Professor Victor Monsalvo is an environmental scientist with a PhD in

chemical engineering from the University Autonoma de Madrid, where

he later became a professor in the chemical engineering section. As a re￾searcher, he has worked with the following universities: Leeds, Cranfield,

Sydney, and Aachen. He took part of an active research team working

in areas of environmental technologies, water recycling, and advanced

water treatment systems. He has been involved in sixteen research proj￾ects sponsored by various entities. He has led nine research projects with

private companies and an R&D national project, coauthored two patents

(national and international) and a book, edited two books, and written

around fifty journal and referred conference papers. He has given two key

notes in international conferences and has been a member of the organiz￾ing committee of five national and international conferences, workshops,

and summer schools. He is currently working as senior researcher in the

Chemical Processes Department at Abengoa Research, Abengoa.

About the Editor

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Acknowledgment and How to Cite .............................................................. ix

List of Contributors ..................................................................................... xi

Introduction .............................................................................................. xvii

Part I: Developing Countries

1. Comparative Study of Three Two-Stage Hybrid

Ecological Wastewater Treatment Systems for Producing

High Nutrient, Reclaimed Water for Irrigation Reuse in

Developing Countries ...................................................................... 3

Florentina Zurita and John R. White

2. Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment and Excess Sludge

Handling Practices in the Federated States of Micronesia ........ 25

Joseph D. Rouse

3. Occurrence and Removal Characteristics of Phthalate Esters

from Typical Water Sources in Northeast China ........................ 43

Yu Liu, Zhonglin Chen, and Jimin Shen

4. Assessment of Domestic Wastewater Disposal in Some Selected

Wards of Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria ............. 63

Abba Kagu, Hauwa Lawan Badawi, Jimme M. Abba

5. Detection of Free-Living Amoebae Using Amoebal

Enrichment in a Wastewater Treatment Plant of Gauteng

Province, South Africa .................................................................. 89

P. Muchesa, O. Mwamba, T. G. Barnard, and C. Bartie

6. Water and Wastewater Management and Biomass to

Energy Conversion in a Meat Processing Plant in Brazil:

A Case Study .................................................................................113

Humberto J. José, Regina F. P. M. Moreira, Danielle B. Luiz,

Elaine Virmond, Aziza K. Genena, Silvia L. F. Andersen,

Rennio F. de Sena, and Horst Fr. Schröder

Contents

viii Contents

Part II: Developed Nations

7. Intra- and Inter-Pandemic Variations of Antiviral,

Antibiotics and Decongestants in Wastewater Treatment

Plants and Receiving Rivers ....................................................... 155

Andrew C. Singer, Josef D. Järhult, Roman Grabic, Ghazanfar A. Khan,

Richard H. Lindberg, Ganna Fedorova, Jerker Fick, Michael J. Bowes, Björn Olsen,

and Hanna Söderström

8. Wastewater Recycling in Greece: The Case of Thessaloniki .... 187

Andreas Ilias, Athanasios Panoras, and Andreas Angelakis

9. Do Contaminants Originating from State-of-the-Art

Treated Wastewater Impact the Ecological Quality

of Surface Waters? ...................................................................... 209

Daniel Stalter, Axel Magdeburg, Kristin Quednow, Alexandra Botzat,

and Jörg Oehlmann

10. Performance of a Constructed Wetland in Grand Marais,

Manitoba, Canada: Removal of Nutrients,

Pharmaceuticals, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes

from Municipal Wastewater ....................................................... 235

Julie C. Anderson, Jules C. Carlson, Jennifer E. Low, Jonathan K. Challis,

Charles S. Wong, Charles W. Knapp, and Mark L. Hanson

11. Irrigation with Treated Wastewater: Quantification of

Changes in Soil Physical and Chemical Properties .................. 271

Pradip Adhikari, Manoj K. Shukla, John G. Mexal, and David Daniel

12. Spatial Distribution of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in

Groundwater beneath Two Large On-Site Wastewater

Treatment Systems ...................................................................... 297

Charles Humphrey, Michael O’Driscoll, and Jonathan Harris

13. Detection of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonistic Activity

and Identification of Causative Compounds in Municipal

Wastewater Treatment Plants in Japan..................................... 323

Kazuko Sawada, Daisuke Inoue, Yuichiro Wada, Kazunari Sei,

Tsuyoshi Nakanishi, and Michihiko Ike

Author Notes .................................................................................................... 345

Index ..................................................................................................... 351

Acknowledgment and How to Cite

The editor and publisher thank each of the authors who contributed to this

book. The chapters in this book were previously published elsewhere. To

cite the work contained in this book and to view the individual permis￾sions, please refer to the citation at the beginning of each chapter. Each

chapter was read individually and carefully selected by the editor; the re￾sult is a book that provides a nuanced look at the the treatment of wastewa￾ter around the world. The chapters included are broken into two sections.

The articles in the fi rst section were chosen to cover topics related to

wastewater treatment in developing countries (according to the United

Nations’ categories). Topics include:

• Reclaimed water for irrigation reuse in developing countries (chapter 1).

• Sludge-handling practices in Micronesia (chapter 2).

• The removal of phthalate esters from Chinese water sources (chapter 3).

• Disposal of domestic wastewater in Nigeria (chapter 4).

• Ameba-enrichment in a South African wastewater treatment plant (chapter

5).

• Bioenergy from wastewater produced by a Brazilian meat-processing plant

(chapter 6).

In the second section we turn our attention to wastewater treatment in

developed nations, focusing on the following topics:

• The presence of various pharmaceutical contaminants in the River Thames

(chapter 7).

• Wastewater recycling in Greece (chapter 8).

• The impact on surface water from contaminants released from German

wastewater treatment plants (chapter 9).

• A Canadian constructed wetland's effectiveness for the removal of various

contaminants from wastewater (chapter 10).

• Accessing irrigation from treated wastewater in the United States (chapter

11).

x Acknowledgment and How to Cite

• The spacial distribution of fecal indicator bacteria in the groundwater be￾neath two American wastewater treatment plants (chapter 12).

• Detection of contamination from retinoid acid reception agonists in Japa￾nese wastewater treatment plants (chapter 13).

By looking at a variety of water treatment methods and technologies,

within the context of developing and developed nations' differing resourc￾es, we gain a better perspective on the effectiveness of techniques being

used around the world. Selecting the right wastewater treatment technol￾ogy for each circumstance requires an understanding of what are the most

effective alternatives.

List of Contributors

Jimme M. Abba

Department of Geography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

Pradip Adhikari

Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. of Soil Environment and Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Co￾lumbia, Missouri, USA

Julie C. Anderson

Richardson College for the Environment, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and

Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada

Silvia L. F. Andersen

Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Andreas Angelakis

Institute of Iraklion, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER-N.AG.RE.F., 71307 Iraklion and

Hellenic Water Supply and Sewerage Services Association, 41222 Larissa, Greece

Hauwa Lawan Badawi

National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Maiduguri, Nigeria

T. G. Barnard

Water and Health Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028,

South Africa

C. Bartie

Water and Health Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028,

South Africa and National Institute for Occupational Health, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000,

South Africa

Alexandra Botzat

Department of Ecology – Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg,

Marburg, Germany

Michael J. Bowes

Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United

Kingdom

xii List of Contributors

Jules C. Carlson

Richardson College for the Environment, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and

Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada and De￾partment of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

Jonathan K. Challis

Richardson College for the Environment, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and

Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada and Depart￾ment of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

Zhonglin Chen

State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environ￾mental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

David Daniel

Dept. of Economics and International Business, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New

Mexico 88003-8003, USA

Rennio F. de Sena

Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil

Ganna Fedorova

Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden and University of South Bohemia in

Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of

Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic

Jerker Fick

Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Aziza K. Genena

Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil and Federal Technological University of Paraná, Brazil

Roman Grabic

Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden and University of South Bohemia in

Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of

Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic

Mark L. Hanson

Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Can￾ada

Jonathan Harris

Environmental Health Sciences Program, East Carolina University, 3400 suite Carol Belk Building,

Greenville, NC 27858, USA

List of Contributors xiii

Charles Humphrey

Environmental Health Sciences Program, East Carolina University, 3400 suite Carol Belk Building,

Greenville, NC 27858, USA

Michihiko Ike

Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Ja￾pan

Andreas Ilias

Land Reclamation Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER-N.

AG.RE.F., 57400 Sindos Thessaloniki, Greece

Daisuke Inoue

Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Ja￾pan

Josef D. Järhult

Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Swe￾den

Humberto J. José

Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Abba Kagu

Department of Geography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

Ghazanfar A. Khan

Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Charles W. Knapp

David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Uni￾versity of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XN, UK

Richard H. Lindberg

Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Yu Liu

State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environ￾mental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China

Jennifer E. Low

Richardson College for the Environment, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and

Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada

xiv List of Contributors

Danielle B. Luiz

Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil and EMBRAPA Fishery and Aquaculture, Brazil

Axel Magdeburg

Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Biological Sciences Division, Goethe University Frankfurt am

Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

John G. Mexal

Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, New Mexico 88003-8003,

USA

Regina F. P. M. Moreira

Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

P. Muchesa

Water and Health Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028,

South Africa

O. Mwamba

Water and Health Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028,

South Africa

Tsuyoshi Nakanishi

Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu,

Japan

Jörg Oehlmann

Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Biological Sciences Division, Goethe University Frankfurt am

Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Michael O’Driscoll

Department of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, 204 Graham, Greenville, NC 27858,

USA

Björn Olsen

Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Swe￾den and Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus Uni￾versity, Kalmar, Sweden

Athanasios Panoras

Land Reclamation Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER-N.

AG.RE.F., 57400 Sindos Thessaloniki, Greece