Water Quality Modeling

Water Quality

Mod)eling

Mervin D. Palmer

22238

May 2001

F

T HE WOR LD0 B AN K

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Copyright C) 2001 The International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development / THE WORLD BANK

1818 H Street, N.W.

W'ashington, D.C. 20433, USA

All rights reserved

Manufactured in the United States of America

First printing Miay 2001

1 2 3 4 05 04 03 02 01

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Cover design by Tomoko Hirata

Library of Congresd Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Palmer, Mervin D., 1937-

NVater quality modeling: a guide to effective practice / by Mervin

D. Palmer.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-8213-4863-9

1. Water Quality-Mathematical models. 2. WVater quality

management-Mathematical models. 3. Water quality-East

Asia-Mnviathematical models -Case studies. 1. Title.

TD370 P35 2001

363.739'42'015118-dc2l 00-049951

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Contents

Acknowledgments .... vi

Foreword .................................... ix

Executive Summary .............................. xi

Chapter 1

General Overview of Water Quality Modeling .... ..... 1

Modeling Costs ....................................... 4

General Water Quality Model Components ...... ........... 5

Typical Water Quality Model Applications ...... ............ 7

Chapter 2

Water Quality Model Structure and Process ..... ..... t 1

Basic Definitions ..................................... 11

Required Resources . .................................. 15

Water Ouality Parameters ............. ................. 17

Receiving Water Processes ....... ..................... 28

Chapter 3

Some Commonly Used Models .................... 37

Hydrodynamic Model .................. ............... 37

Mass Balance ........................................ 40

Receiving Water Processes ............ ................. 43

Selected Models ...................................... 51

Model Data Requirements and Prediction Issues ..... ....... 59

Quality Assurance and Quality Control ....... ............ 63

iii

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C WATER QUALITY MODELING

Chapter 4

Case Studies of Models Applied to

World Bank Projects ........ ..................... 71

Detailed Hydrodynamic and Water Ouality Modeling Study,

1998, Chongqing, China ......... ..................... 71

Oceanographic and Water Quality Modeling Studies at Mumbai,

India, 1997 .......................................... 80

Hangzhou Bay Environmental Study, 1993-1996 ..... ....... 85

Second Shanghai Sewerage Project (SSPII), 1996 .... ..... 90

Shanghai Environment Project, 1994 ...... ............... 95

Manila Second Sewage Project, 1996 ..................... 98

Tarim Basin 11 Planning Project, 1997, China ..... ......... 102

Appendix .................................... 109

CE-OUAL-W2:

A Numerical Two-Dimensional Laterally Averaged Model of

Hydrodynamics and Water Quality ...... ................ 109

CORMIX ......................................... 111

DIVAST

Binnie & Partners ............ ....................... 115

HYDROLOGICAL SIMULATION PROGRAMI-FORTRAN

(HSPF)

User's Manual for Release 8.0 ....... ................... 117

MIKE SYSTE M ............. ....................... 123

QUAL2E & OUAL2E-UNCAS

(6 April 1999) . ...................................... 131

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL (SWMM)

Version 4 Part A: User's Manual ....... ................. 137

TRISULA - DELWAO

Delft Hydraulics ............. ....................... 142

WQRRS

Water Quality for River-Reservoir Systems ..... .......... 146

Glossary . .................................... 149

References ................................... 153

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CONTENTS a

Tables

Table 2.1 Water Ouality Parameters Discussed in

This Manual ...................................... 18

Table 3.1 Properties of Some Models ....... .............. 53

Figures

Figure 2.1 Dissolved Oxygen Process ..................... 20

Figure 2.2 Nitrogen Processes ........................... 21

Figure 2.3 Phosphorus Processes ......... ............... 22

Figure 4.1 Simulated Concentrations Along Jialing River 1987. 74

Figure 4.2 Schematic of Source Loadinga .................. 75

Figure 4.3 Scenario 2 with Treatment Plants ...... ......... 76

Figure 4.4 Scenario 3 with Interceptor Along Jialing River.... 77

Figure 4.5 Simulated Maximum Concentrations of Ammonia in

January 1987 ...................................... 79

Figure 4.6 Current Meter and Tide Gauge Locations and

Model Area ....................................... 82

Figure 4.7 Calibration Curve for Velocity and Direction

Spring Tidal Condition ................................. 83

Figure 4.8 Fecal Coliform Densities at 3 and 8 kilometers for

Primary Treatment .................................... 84

Figure 4.9 Hourly Variation in Fecal Coliforms Near 3 km

Worli Outfall .................................... 85

Figure 4.10 Nested Finite Element Grid ....... ............ 87

Figure 4.11 Hangzhou Bay Simulated Flow Field ..... ...... 88

Figure 4.12 Hangzhou Bay Simulated Freshwater Fraction

and Salinity Calibration ................................ 89

Figure 4.13 The Model Domain ......... ................ 92

Figure 4.14 Simulated Near-field Surface Concentration

Distribution of Copper ................................. 94

Figure 4.15 Simulated Current Velocity Vectors ............ 100

Figure 4.16 Simulated Benthic Loadings .................. 101

Figure 4.17 Tarim River Basin: Stage II Project Location .... 104

Figure 4.18 Tarim II Preparatory Study: Study Activities .... 105

Figure 4.19 Simulation of Bostan Lake ...... ............. 106

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R WATER ~QUALIT~YMOD~ELING---

Figure CRX 1 Flow Classification System ..... ........... 113

Figure CRX 2 Predictions versus Measurements ........... 114

Figure HSP I Flow Diagram ....... ................... 119

Figure HSP 2 Flow Diagram for Nitrogen Reactions ........ 120

Figure HSP 3 Flow Diagram for Phosphorus Reactions ..... 121

Figure HSP 4 Flow Diagram for Solids ..... ............. 122

Figure MIK I Dissolved Oxygen Processes ..... .......... 129

Figure iMIK 2 Nitrogen Processes ...... ................. 130

Figure OUA 1 Stream Network of Computational Elements

and Reaches ........................................ 135

Figure QUA 2 Discretized Stream System ..... ........... 136

Figure SWM 1 Relationship Among SWWM Blocks ........ 139

Figure SWM 2 Northwood (Baltimore) Drainage Basin

"Coarse" Plan ....................... 140

Figure SWM 3 Special Hydraulic Cases in EXTRAN Flow C 141

Figure TRI I General Structure of the Modeling Framework . 144

Figure TRI 2 Model Processes ...... ................... 145

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