Very large floating structers

Very Large Floating Structures

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Very Large Floating Structures

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N.H. Wong and C. Yu

Very Large Floating

Structures

Edited by

C.M. Wang, E. Watanabe,

and T. Utsunomiya

First published 2008

by Taylor & Francis

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Taylor & Francis

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,

an informa business

© 2008 Taylor & Francis

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or omissions that may be made.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Wang, Chien-ming.

Very large floating structures / C.M.Wang, E.Watanabe and

T. Utsunomiya.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Offshore structures. I.Watanabe, E. II. Utsunomiya,T. III. Title.

TC1665.W36 2007

627

.98–dc22 2007028603

ISBN10: 0–415–41953–0 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–41953–6 (hbk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s

collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

ISBN 0-203-93460-1 Master e-book ISBN

Contents

Notes on contributors viii

Preface xii

1 Colonization of the ocean and VLFS technology 1

C.M. WANG AND B.T. WANG

1.1 Colonization of ocean space 1

1.2 Historical context 2

1.3 Advantages posed by ocean space colonization 3

1.4 Evolution of VLFS technology 7

1.5 Advantages of VLFS technology 8

1.6 Current applications of VLFS technology 14

1.7 Concluding remarks 18

References 19

2 Wave phenomenon and properties 21

SEIYA YAMASHITA

2.1 Small amplitude wave theory 21

2.2 Pressures of fluid motion 24

2.3 Wave energy 26

2.4 Descriptions of irregular waves 28

2.5 Wave spectrum 29

2.6 Stochastic properties 32

2.7 Concluding remarks 33

3 Hydroelastic analysis of VLFS 35

TOMOAKI UTSUNOMIYA

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Hydroelastic analysis of a floating 2-D plate 38

vi Contents

3.3 Hydroelastic analysis of a VLFS in variable water

depth 50

3.4 Conclusions 62

References 62

4 Structural analysis and design of VLFS 66

MASAHIKO FUJIKUBO

4.1 Introduction 66

4.2 Structural design of a VLFS 67

4.3 Elastic response analysis 71

4.4 Collapse analysis 78

4.5 Concluding remarks 86

Appendix: Moment–curvature relationship of VLFS

unit structure 86

References 88

5 Analysis and design of station-keeping systems 90

SHIGERU UEDA

5.1 Introduction 90

5.2 Load-deformation characteristics of devices 91

5.3 Estimation of mooring force 101

5.4 Design of station-keeping systems 106

5.5 Construction of station-keeping systems 109

5.6 Maintenance of station-keeping systems 110

References 110

6 Analysis and design of breakwaters 112

TET SUYAH IRAI SH I

6.1 Introduction 112

6.2 Types of breakwaters 115

6.3 Wave-pressure formula 118

6.4 Wave transformation 122

6.5 Example of experiment 129

References 139

7 Model experiments for VLFS 141

SHIGEO OHMATSU

7.1 Introduction 141

7.2 Model 142

Contents vii

7.3 Experimental basin 149

7.4 Measuring instrument 151

7.5 Example of model experiments of VLFS 153

7.6 Concluding remarks 161

References 163

8 Maintenance and anti-corrosion systems 165

EIICHI WATANABE, HITOSHI FURUTA, MAKIO KAYANO,

MOTOHIKO NISHIBAYASHI, TOMOAKI UTSUNOMIYA,

KUNITOMO SUGIURA, AND MASAHIRO YAMAMOTO

8.1 Introduction 165

8.2 Long-term deterioration and reliability of

structures 165

8.3 Background, scope, and concepts in maintenance

of structures 168

8.4 Maintenance procedures 170

8.5 LCC 175

8.6 Performance-based design and the LCC 177

8.7 Effect of restriction on budget for repair and long-term

budgeting plan 178

8.8 Items for maintenance peculiar to floating

structures 181

8.9 Inspection for damage caused under

abnormal conditions 183

8.10 Paint coating strategy for offshore steel structures 183

8.11 Concluding remarks 198

Acknowledgments 200

References 201

9 Research and development of VLFS 204

HIDEYUKI SUZUKI

9.1 Introduction 204

9.2 Applications and history of pontoon-type VLFS 204

9.3 Technological Research Association of

Mega-Float 209

9.4 Research and projects after TRAM 223

Acknowledgments 225

References 226

Index 229

Notes on contributors

Chien Ming Wang is Professor of Civil Engineering at the

National University of Singapore and the Deputy Head

for the Engineering Science Programme. Prof. Wang is a

Chartered Structural Engineer, a Fellow of the Institution

of Engineers Singapore and a Fellow of the Institution of

Structural Engineers (UK). He is presently the Chairman of

the IStructE Singapore Division. His research interests are

in the areas of structural stability, vibration, optimization,

plated structures, and Mega-Floats. He is the author or co-author of over 300

technical papers, 3 books – Vibration of Mindlin Plates, Shear Deformable

Beams and Plates: Relationships with Classical Solutions, and Exact Solu￾tions for Buckling of Structural Members and co-editor of two volumes on

Analysis and Design of Plated Structures. Moreover, he is the Editor-in-Chief

of the International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, the IES

Journal A: Civil and Structural Engineering and an Editorial Board Member

of Engineering Structures.

Brydon T. Wang is a PhD Candidate at the University

of Melbourne, having received his Bachelor of Architec￾ture fromthe same university in 2005. He has worked

in the United Kingdom, Singapore, and in Australia

with Arkitek Tenggara, Minifie Nixon Architects, and

Monarchi. His research interests lie in the confluence of

Architecture and Public Policy, and include Utopian Pro￾posals, Floating Settlements, Very Large Floating Struc￾tures (VLFS), Informal Settlements, and Global Urban

Projects.

Notes on contributors ix

Seiya Yamashita graduated fromYokohama National

University in 1968. He joined the Research Institute

of Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. and

engaged in the study on propulsive and seakeeping per￾formances of ships. Later he worked on the wave-induced

forces and motions for offshore structures such as box￾shaped floating vessels, semi-submersible drilling rigs,

and floating breakwaters. He received his Doctor of Engineering in 1986

fromthe University of Tokyo for his study on hull configuration for offshore

structures on which wave-exciting forces are not exerted in waves. From

1995 to 2000 he joined the Mega-Float project in Japan as a member of

the research on hydro-elastic analysis for a VLFS. He is now a part-time

manager of ship and marine technology department of IHI Co. Ltd.

Tomoaki Utsunomiya is Associate Professor of Civil and

Earth Resources Engineering at Kyoto University, Japan

and has undertaken education and research in the areas of

Offshore Structures including Very Large Floating Struc￾tures (VLFS) and Floating Bridges. He has published

about 170 papers and books in these areas. His main

research interests include hydroelastic analysis of Very

Large Floating Structure. Part of his major contributions

in this area are “An eigenfunction expansion-matching method for analyz￾ing the wave-induced responses of an elastic floating plate,” Applied Ocean

Research, 17 (1995); “Wave response analysis of a box-like VLFS close to

a breakwater,” Proceedings of the 17th OMAE (1998); and “Fast multi￾pole method for wave diffraction/radiation problems and its applications to

VLFS”, Int J Offshore Polar Eng, 16 (2006).

Masahiko Fujikubo is Professor at the Division of Struc￾tural Engineering, Department of Social and Environ￾mental Engineering, Hiroshima University. He graduated

fromOsaka University in 1979, and received his MSc

in 1981 and PhD in 1988 fromOsaka University. His

research areas are the ultimate strength and structural

reliability of ships and offshore structures, and non￾linear structural analysis. He stayed in the Norwegian

University of Science and Technology from1988 to 1989 to do research

on the assessment of ductile fracture of offshore tubular structures. He

was engaged in the Mega-Float project in Japan fromits initial phase as

a technical advisor for structural design and analysis. He published a text￾book Structural Design of Very Large Floating Structure fromSeizando (in

Japanese) in 2004. He is now a Director of Japan Society of Naval Architects

and Ocean Engineers (JASNAOE), a Member of ISSC2009 Technical Com￾mittee “Ultimate Strength,” and an Editorial Board Member of the Journal

of Marine Science and Technology.

x Notes on contributors

Shigeru Ueda graduated fromKyoto University in 1967,

received his MSc in 1969 and Doctor of Engineering in

1985 fromKyoto University. He then joined the Ministry

of Transport (MOT) and engaged in the design of con￾tainer berth in Port of Kobe. He moved to the Port

and Harbour Research Institute MOT, and did research

work on design of offshore structures. Major works

include berthing and mooring of ships, motions and

moorings of floating structures, design of pile type offshore structures,

earthquake-resistant design and reliability design of port and harbour struc￾tures. He stayed in HRS Wallingford from1975 to 1976 and studied ship

motions and analysis. He moved to Tottori University in 1994 and contin￾ues with the aforementioned research studies as well as teaches Structural

Mechanics, Probability and Statistics, Dynamic Response Analysis and Off￾shore Structural Engineering. He is a Fellow Member of Japan Society of

Civil Engineers, Professional Engineer (Civil Engineering), and Executive

Professional Civil Engineer (JSCE Infra Structure Design).

Tetsuya Hiraishi is the Head of the Wave Division,

Maritime Environment and Hydraulic Engineering

Department, Port and Airport Research Institute. He

graduated fromKyoto University in 1980, and received

his MSc in 1982 fromKyoto University. Then he joined

the Port and Harbour Research Institute, Ministry of

Transport (present Port and Airport Research Institute).

He has been mainly engaged in developing a design code

for port facilities in directional randomsea states. For his contribution to the

design of a directional randomwave maker and its applications, he obtained

Doctor of Engineering in 1992 fromKyoto University. His major research

interests are the implementation of mitigation tools for tsunami, storm surge

and high waves, the estimation and reduction of wave overtopping at sea￾walls and the countermeasure against harbor agitation due to long period

waves. He belongs to the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and the

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE). In 2005, he

was given the ISOPE Award for his activity as a member of the Board of

Directors, 2003–2005.

Shigeo Ohmatsu graduated fromKyushu University in

1970. After graduation, he joined the Ship Research

Institute of Ministry of Transport (SRI, MOT) and

engaged in research on ship motion in waves. He received

his Doctor of Engineering in 1980 fromKyushu Uni￾versity where he worked on wave radiation/diffraction

problems in time domain of floating bodies. He stayed

at École Nationale Supérieure Mécanique de Nantes

Notes on contributors xi

(France) from1980 to 1981 where he studied wave energy absorbing theory

using floating devices. In 1984, he moved to the Ocean Engineering Divi￾sion in SRI and worked on prediction methods for external load acting on

offshore structures. He is a coauthor of textbook Mega-Float Offshore Struc￾ture (in Japanese) published in 1995. He also engaged in the Mega-Float

project as a Director of Ocean Engineering Division of SRI, MOT as a co￾research partner of Technological Research Association of Mega-Float. He

is now a senior researcher in National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI,

former SRI).

Eiichi Watanabe is a Professor Emeritus, Kyoto

University and the Chairperson of Board of Direc￾tors of Foundation of Osaka Regional Planning Insti￾tute. He graduated fromKyoto University in 1964,

received his first MSc in 1966, fromKyoto Uni￾versity, second MSc in 1968, and PhD in 1969

fromIowa State University as a Fulbright grantee

and Doctor of Engineering fromKyoto University.

Professor Watanabe served as a Vice President of

JSCE from 2004 to 2005 and is serving as a Vice President of IABMAS, mem￾ber of Board of Directors of JSSC and Chairman of Bridge Asset Management

for Aomori Prefecture and City of Osaka. He is a member of the European

Academy of Sciences. His research interests are in the areas of steel structures,

buckling, earthquake resistant design, reliability, maintenance and durabil￾ity of steel bridges, corrugated steel webs, steel cables, creep and relaxation

of cables, offshore structures, and floating bridges. He has written over 440

scientific publications besides approximately 30 books including Structural

Mechanics I and II, Maruzen, 1999 and 2000, respectively (in Japanese),

Encyclopedia of Bridges, Blue Backs, Kohdansha, 1991 (in Japanese). He

has edited Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 1996, Northholland, 1997

and Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 50, Science Council of Japan,

2001.

Hideyuki Suzuki is Professor of Department of Envi￾ronmental and Ocean Engineering, University of Tokyo.

He graduated fromUniversity of Tokyo in 1982, and

received his MSc in 1984 and PhD in 1987 fromUniver￾sity of Tokyo. He stayed in the University of California

at Berkeley from1988 to 1989 and studied structural

control. His research areas are analysis and design of

dynamic behavior of ocean structural system such as

VLFS, floating wind turbine and riser. He published a textbook on Struc￾tural Design of Very Large Floating Structure fromSeizando (in Japanese)

in 2004. He was the Chairman of ISSC2006 Special Task Committee “Very

Large Floating Structure” and an Editorial Board Member of the Journal of

Ocean Engineering.

Preface

The ocean as a frontier for colonization has a longevity that stems from

mankind’s long-standing attraction to the ocean. Covering 70% of the Earth,

the ocean provides a means to alleviate demands on coastal land pressure;

land scarcity; avail renewable energy sources and new materials; increase

food production and even to store carbon dioxide in order to mitigate global

warming. As close to 50% of the industrialized world now lives within a kilo￾meter of the coast, the demand on land resources and space is beginning to

approach a critical stage as the population of the world continues to expand

at an alarming rate. There is need for a sustainable and environmentally

friendly development. Technological innovations that promote stewardship

of the Earth’s resources, especially the ocean, are vital for mankind’s survival

in the next millennium. One of these environmentally friendly innovations to

arise in recent times is the concept of Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS) –

a technology that allows the creation of artificial land fromthe sea without

destroying marine habitats, polluting coastal waters, and altering tidal and

natural current flow.

The first of its kind, this book (comprising nine chapters) provides a

comprehensive treatment of the subject on VLFS. Each chapter covers an

important component and area that are essential to the concept, analysis,

design, construction, and maintenance of VLFS. The contributors are experts

in the topic assigned to them. The book begins with some thoughts on the

colonization of ocean space and an introduction to VLFS technology and

their gradual appearance in the waters of developed coastal cities and coun￾tries with coastlines. Their presence is largely due to a severe shortage of

land and the sky-rocketing land costs in recent times. Chapter 2 introduces

readers to the wave phenomenon and wave properties which are essential

for estimating the loading on the VLFS as well as to model the structure￾fluid interaction. Chapter 3 deals with the hydroelastic analysis of the VLFS

because of its flexibility to deformunder the action of waves. This unique

characteristic differentiates a VLFS from ships or semi-submersibles which

undergo rigid body motions in waves. Chapter 4 presents the analysis of the

VLFS from a global treatment of the structure and zooming in to the cell

Preface xiii

level of the floating structure. In Chapter 5, the station-keeping systemof

the VLFS is discussed. This component of the VLFS is important in keeping

the huge structure fromdrifting dangerously in the coastal waters or har￾bours in which the VLFS is built. Breakwaters are needed when the VLFS

are constructed in sea states that have significantly high waves. These break￾waters reduce the wave forces impacting on the floating structure. Chapter 6

addresses the analysis and design of breakwaters. Chapter 7 discusses var￾ious experimental verifications that are needed to calibrate the simulation

models and provide insight into the actual flow of water through the VLFS

as well as to determine the drift forces for the mooring systems. In Chapter 8,

the anti-corrosion systems and maintenance of the VLFS for long-term safety

and structural integrity will be described. The final chapter reports on the

research and developments on the VLFS with emphasis on the Mega-Float,

a 1-kmlong floating test runway, which was documented as the World’s

largest floating man-made island in the Guinness Book of Records.

The book also contains many illustrative photographs, drawings, perti￾nent equations describing the mathematical models for analysis, practical

insights, and a large body of references on VLFS. It is hoped that this

book will be a useful VLFS reference source to professional engineers,

academics/researchers, architects, naval architects, and graduate students

working in the offshore, marine, and structural engineering areas.