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A compendium of

English Grammar

&

Correct Writing

VAN PHAM TIENG ANH

1

PHAM DINH LOC

VAN PHAM TIENG ANH

A compendium of

English Grammar

&

Correct Writing

NHA XUAT BAN HdNG Ol>C

3

C u n g ta c g ia

A Glimpse of

Vietnamese Oral Literature

ISBN 1-4010-4038-1

Library of Congress Number 2001119757

in USA

ICFMC

Vietnam

ISBN 1-4134-1852-X

4

J li) i tao (fid

Toi viet sach nay vai kinh nghiem sau nhung nam day

tieng Anh a Sai Gon truac day va a My. Hoc sinh thixcmg bi roi

■ tri vi phai doc qua nhieu danh tCr kho hieu, khong can thiet ma

cac tac gia da viet trong phan dan giai, nen hoc sinh cam thay

kho hieu va cham thu nhan duoc cac y chinh can tim hieu qui

iuat van pham tieng Anh. Roi tri hon nua neu hoc sinh doc

nhung sach giao khoa van pham tieng Anh d My, vi danh tu

van pham a nhung sach nay khong dong nhat.

Do do, trong sach nay toi viet thu gon a viec dan giai, toi

dung thi du de chi dan nguai hoc nhan xet, tim ra nhung quy

luat can ban cua van pham. Toi khong dich sang tieng Viet

nhung danh tir van pham tieng Anh, toi chi chon nhung tu

thong dung de nguai hoc de thu nhan, va can thiet cho nguai

hoc sau nay tham khao them sach van pham tieng Anh.

Thong thuong, nguai hoc ngoai ngu bat dau hoc tu vung

(vocabulary), hoc dan dan ngu phap (grammar), roi doc nhieu

de nhan xet loi viet theo cac qui luat van pham. Ngoai ra, ngon

ngu viet doi khi khac vai ngon ngu noi, vi nhieu khi van pham

duoc hieu ngam khi noi, va moi dja phuang thuang co mot so

tho ngu (dialects). Nguai hoc se gap nhiing truang hop nay khi

doc sach, va se tim hieu bang cach tra ciru a tir dien.

Pham Din It Loc

Washington, D.C

5

CONTENTS

I. Parts o f Speech...................................................................11

II. Verbals............................................................................... 63

III. Tenses............................................................................... 71

IV. Parts o f a Sentence..........................................................78

V..Clauses................................................................................ 88

VI. Correct Writing................................................................98

VII. Stylistics.........................................................................132

VIII. Speakers o f ESL (English as a second language). 153

IX...The history’ and development o f English...................174

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V an p h a m la link hon cua ngon ngu. Nguai noi va

nguai nghe, nguai viet va nguai doc tim thay"giao cam"

vai nhau qua tieng noi hay cau van. Am thanh tao thanh

tieng noi mang nhung y tuang, y nghi cua nguai noi sang

nguai nghe de hieu nhau. Cau van (nhieu loi viet khac

nhau) chica dung y tuang, y nghi, cam xuc cua nguai viet

de nguai doc san se tam tu, hay thu nhan kien thuc.

Tieng noi hay cau van hop thanh bai mot so tir, duoc

dat theo thu tu truac sau, thi du: Thieu nu chai toe truac

gucmg.

Moi tu mang mot y nghia (meaning), tir no dat truac

tic kia (word order), moi tic co rieng chicc nang (function),

khi noi khi viet thi theo qui luat; Neu khong dung tu theo

chicc nang, khong viet theo qui luat thi tieng noi, cau van

khong co nghia gi ca. Cau van, tieng noi co duac giao

cam la nha qui luat van pham. Do do, van pham la yeu to

thiet yeu cua ngon ngu.

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Danh tir thirtrng dung

Nhung danh tir dirai day thirang thay a cac sach van

pham tieng Anh, va phucrng phap dan giai a cuon sach

nay giir nguyen danh tir tieng Anh.

Active voice Chu dong cach

Auxiliary verb Tro dong tir

Adverb Trang tir

Adjective Tinh tir

Article Quan tir

Clause Menh de

Conjunction Lien tir

Complement Bo ngu

Direct object Tan ngu true tiep

Expression Thanh ngir

Fundamental Can ban, thiet yeu

Grammar Van pham

Indirect object Tan ngir gian tiep

Infinitive verb Dong tir nguyen dang

Interjection Tan than tir

Irregular verb Dong tir bat qui tac

Noun Danh tir

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Parts of speech Loai tir ngu

Passive voice Bi dong cach

Past participle Qua khu phan tir

Past tense Thi qua khu

Preposition Giai tir

Present tense Thi hien tai

Pronoun Dai tir

Rules Qui luat van pham

Sentence Cau viet theo van pham

Verb Dong tir

Vocabulary Tir vung

Word Tir

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I. PARTS OF SPEECH

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PARTS OF SPEECH

Phan nay dem den vai nguai hoc su hieu biet long

quat ve cac loai ngu, cac chuc nang (function) cua timg

loai, va cach dung (usage) cua timg loai; tat ca nhuvgySu

to can thiet de co mot can ban can va du ve qui luat van

pham, truac khi sang cac phan ke tiep cu the han ve cach

viet va noi theo "Standard English."

1. Nouns

2. Pronouns

3. Adjectives

4. Verbs

5. Adverbs

6. Prepositions

7. Conjunctions

8. Interjections

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Speech la so lugng tir hop thanh ngon ngu viet

(written language) hay ngon ngu noi (spoken language),

dien ta cac y tuang (thoughts), cam nhan (feelings), hay

mo ta mot viec lam (act). Khi viet hay noi thi ghep nhieu

tu thanh mot cau (sentence), neu nguai doc hay nguai

nghe hieu duac ro y cau do la nha da theo qui luat van

pham (the rules of grammar). Moi cau gom nhieu tu

(words) vai chuc nang van pham khac nhau (grammatical

elements). Tieng Anh co khoang mot trieu tu, hai phan ba

so tu nay la danh tu thuoc cac nganh khoa hoc ky thuat

nhu dien tir, vat ly, y khoa, tarn than hoc... va bo mon triet

hoc. Trong mon hoc van pham, ngon ngu thong dung duoc

xep thanh 8 loai tir ngu chinh:

1- Nouns

2- Pronouns

3- Adjectives

4- Verbs

5- Adverbs

6- Prepositions

7- Conjunctions

8- Interjections

Nguai hoc can biet ro chuc nang (function) cua moi

loai tir ngu, dac tinh rieng cua moi loai, dung a dau (vi tri)

trong mot cau. Moi cau (viet hay cau noi) can it nhat 2 loai

tir ngir (subject va verb). Song, tiiy thuoc a loi cau true

(construction) theo van pham, mot cau co the gom nhieu

loai tir ngu.

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1. NOUNS

Noun (danh tir) la mot tir noi ve nguai (person), vi tri

(place), vat (thing) hay y tuang (idea). Loai ngu nay phan

biet theo cac dac tinh duai day:

Proper noun

- Common noun

- Collective noun

- Concrete noun

- Abstract noun

a) Proper noun noi ve mot ten rieng, hay dac biet,

cSn vilt hoa a dau chu (capital), gom nhung loai duai day:

Person : Conficius, Tran Hung Dao

Place : Viet Nam, France, England

Animal : Phoenix, Kangaro

Object : Viet Nam Airlines

Group : the Red Cross

Time : Friday, November

Event : World War II, the Vietnam War

Idea : Judaism, Buddhism, Confucianism

b) Common noun noi ve tat ca ten chung:

girl, boy, teacher, student, mother, father, house, car,

bird, chicken, property, honesty, idea, table, chair, school,

market, store, shop, country, world, etc.

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c) Collective noun noi ve ten mot nhom nguai, vat,

vj tri, vai chuc nang la mot dan vj:

Flock, team, the public, committee, club, the poor, the

rich, the army, etc.

d) Concrete noun noi ve nhung gi biet duoc bang 5

giac quan (senses):

(sight [see], touch [feel], smell, hearing [hear], and

taste)

door, tree, dress, snow, city, museum, sorrow, joy,

odor, sound, salt, etc.

e) Abstract noun noi ve quality (pham chat),

condition (tinh trang / hoan canh), idea (y tuang):

beauty, fear, truth, hatred, kindness, honesty, courtesy,

love, loneliness, dismissal, etc.

Nominative & Objective: Can biet nhung dac tinh

duai day de phan tich van pham khi viet mot cau. Tinh

chat cua mot noun tuy thuoc cho dung a dau trong cau.

La nominative neu noun la subject:

I live

The train stopped.

The car runs

Subject la mot noun, hay personal pronoun, hay mot

noun phrase (nhom tu), hay mot noun equivalent/

substitute (tuang duang / thay the) ma se dugc mo ta

(describe) hay noi den (tell more about) bai nhung loai

ngu' theo sau de biet (subject) la gi, la ai, lam gi.

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(I live: I la subject, live la verb)

La objective neu noun la o b ject:

I saw the train.

He saw the parade.

He is a teacher.

Object la mot noun or any word or group o f words

(mot tir hay nhom tir) co chuc nang nhu mot noun de noi

subject la gi, hay verb lam gi (teacher la object)

Possessive & Compound: Se thuong gap nhung loi

viet duai day khi doc sach, quan sat de biet loi viet

possessive noun khi muon noi ve ownership, possession

(scr hiru), hay sir lien quan (relationship) giua 2 noun. Loi

viet nay se ngan hon vi bo di dugc chu of, hay to, hay that

trong mot nhom tir, tranh dugc cau van ruom ra.

Examples:

The beauty of the flower > the flower’s beauty

A house that belongs to Mr. Smith > Mr. Smith's house

The job that my sister has > my sister’s job

Compare:

At dawn the crowing of a rooster could be heard,

(passive voice)

Co the viet ngan hon theo loi possessive, nhu duai

day:

The cock’s crow came at dawn.

(possessive form)

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