Tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh với sự nghiệp xây dựng con người Việt Nam phát triển toàn diện

B O S tl NGjkY SINH CHII TICK Hd CHf MINH

ITS. THANH DUY

Tie tudng Ho Chi Minh

vdi sU nghiep xay dung con ngudi

Viet Nam phat trien toan dien

(Sack tham khao)

PGS. TS. TH ANH DUY

TIT TlflJNG HO CHI MINH

VCJI Sir NGHIEP XAY DlfNG ■ ■ ■

CON NGirdl VIET NAM ■

PHAT TRIEN TOAN DIEN■

(SACH THAM KHAO)

(Tai ban)

n h A xuat ban k h o a hoc x a h Oi

HANOI-2010

L()I n h a x u a t b a n

C

hu tich Ho Chi' Minh la vi lanh tu thien tai cua Dang

ta va nhan dan ta, ngUdi anh hung giai phong dan

toe, danh nhan van hoa the gidi. NgUdi da ket tinh trong

minh nhQng pham chat va gia tri tinh than cao quy nhat cua

giai cap cong nhan va dan toe Viet Nam.

Cong lao va sU nghiep bat ttf cua NgUdi toa sang mot

niem tin vo han vao kha nang cach mang va sang tao, lUdng

tri va ph&m gia con ngUdi, lay con ngudi lam trung tam cua

moi suy nghi va hoat dong. Suot ddi. Ngudi dau tranh chong

ap bijfc, bat cong, phan dau dem lai cuoc song tu do, hanh

phuc cho nhan dan, cho nhan loai.

Chu tich Ho Chi' Minh da de lai cho chung ta mot di san

vo gia ve tu tUdng, dao ddc va tac phong. Trong di san tu

tUdng cua NgUdi, tu tUdng ve xay dung con ngUdi phat trien

toan dien la mot bo phan quan trong, co y nghia to ldn doi vdi

cach mang nude ta. Trong sU nghiep xay dung chu nghia xa

hoi, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dac biet coi trong van de xay dung

con ngUdi mdi; vi day la dong lUc quyet dinh hudng di len cua

xa hoi Viet Nam. NgUdi tCfng day: Muon xay dUng chu nghia

xa hoi triidc het can phai co con ngUdi xa hoi chu nghia. Theo

NgUdi, con ngUdi xa hoi chu nghia phat trien toan dien chinh

la con ngUdi co tinh than lam chu xa hoi, co tri thilc van hoa

va khoa hoc, co trinh do chuyen mon nghiep vu, co pham chat

dao diic cach mang “can kiem liem chinh”, “chi cong vo tu”,

phai nghiem khac chong chu nghia ca nhan.

Tham nhu^n tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve van de xay dung

con ngUdi phat trien toan dien, trong giai doan cach mang

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hien nay khi nUdc ta dang tien hanh day manh cong nghiep

hoa. hien dai hoa. hdn luc nao het. Dang ta dac biet quan tam

va chu trong den van de xay dung con ngUdi. phat huy nhan

to" con ngUOi va vi con ngudi.

Nham cung cap cho ban doc tai lieu tham khao nghien

ciiu ve tu tUdng Ho Chi' Minh. nam 2001 va nam 2002, Nha

xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia da xuat ban cuon sach Tit tiidng

Ho Chi Minh vdi sit nghiep xay diing con ngi/di Viet Nam

phat trien toan dien cua PGS. TS. Thanh Duy. Cuon sach

gom 6 chUdng de cap den nhutng quan diem cd ban ve moi

quan he giuta van hoa vdi viec xay dUng con ngUdi phat trien

toan dien; nguon goc va qua trinh hinh thanh tU tUdng Ho

Chi' Minh ve con ngUdi phat trien toan dien: ve dac diem va

ban chat, quan niem va giai phap xay dung con ngUdi phat

trien toan dien trong boi canh hien nay.

Cuon sach da dUdc ban doc rat hoan nghenh. Do nhu cau

cua ban doc, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi tai ban cuon

sach tren.

Xin tran trong gidi thieu cuon sach vdi ban doc.

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC XA H0I

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l 6 i n o i d a u

Tiep thu truyen thong yeu nUdc va yeu dan cua gia dinh,

truyen thong nhan ai cua dan toe, nhat la chu nghia nhan

van macxi't, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh co niem tin manh liet

vao sufc manh va pham gia cua con ngUdi. Ngay sau khi tim

dUdc con dUdng ciiu nUdc, NgUdi thay ro: chi co tin vao con

ngUdi tijfc la tin vao dan, dua vao dan m6i co hy vong ciiu

dUdc nUdc. NgUdi da nhieu l&n noi vdi nhutng ngUdi ban

chien dau cua minh khi con d Pari rang, chi co dua vao sCfc

minh, vao dan toe minh m6i hy vong dUdc giai phong. Trong

Tuyen ngon cua Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia, do NgUdi thao ra co

doan viet: “Anh em phai lam the nao de dUdc giai phong?

Van dung cong thiic cua Cac Mac chung toi xin noi vdi

anh em r&ng, cong cuoc giai phong anh em chi co the thUc

hien dUdc bang sU no lUc cua ban than anh em”.

Rut ra dUdc chan ly do trong hoan canh dat nUdc con bi no

le, trong tay khong co mot phUdng tien gi, lai dang song va

hoat dong bi mat d nUdc ngoai, that khong phai ddn gian. Da

co luc Ho Chi Minh boc lo tam sU cua minh khi tra ldi mot

nha van My nhii sau: “Nhan dan Viet Nam trong do co ong cu

than sinh ra toi, thudng tu hoi nhau ai la ngUdi se giup minh

thoat khoi ach thong tri cua Phap. NgUdi nay nghi la Nhat,

ngUdi khac nghi la Anh, co ngUdi lai cho la My. Toi thay phai

di ra nUdc ngoai xem cho ro. Sau khi xem xet ho lam an ra

sao, toi se trd ve giup dong bao toi”. Do la dong cd ra di tim

dUdng ciiu nUdc cua Ngifdi.

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Phai hdn 10 nam sau ke tijf khi rdi To quoc (1911). de vao

thang 6 nam 1923, khi viet thu tii biet gui cac ban cung hoat

dong trudc khi bi mat rdi Pari, Nguyen Ai Quoc - Ho Chi

Minh mdi co cau tra ldi ro rang va diit khoat. Tra ldi cau hoi

“chung ta phai lam gi?”, NgUdi noi: “Doi vdi toi, cau tra ldi da

ro rang: trd ve nUdc, di vao quan chung, thCfc tinh ho, to chiic

ho, doan ket ho, huan luyen ho, diia ho ra dau tranh gianh tu

do doc lap”1.

Noi len dUdc y tUdng mang tinh chan ly do la ca qua trinh

tim toi, khao sat thUc te va the nghiem cuoc song ban than.

Tvf do, NgUdi co niem tin manh liet vao con ngiJdi va thay chi

co tin yeu con ngUdi that sU, muon giai phong ho that sU, mdi

tap hdp dUdc ho thUc hien muc tieu doan ket nhan dan nham

tao ra siic manh cho sU nghiep cach mang. Cung tii do, NgUdi

phat hien them mot chan ly bat diet la: Doan ket tao ra stic

manh, doan ket tao ra chien thang va NgUdi de ra khau hieu:

Doan ket, doan ket, dai doan ket. Thanh cong, thanh cong,

dai thanh cong.

Tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngUdi dUdc bieu hien that

da dang va vo cung phong phu. No tham dUdm trong toan bo

cuoc ddi va sU nghiep cua NgUdi, dUdc toa sang trong tiing

viec lam, tijfng cut chi, tifng moi quan tam an can den moi

con ngUdi: Tat ca deu toat len tinh thUdng yeu vo han, sU

ton trong, thai do bao dung va niem tin tuyet doi vao con

ngUdi. TrUdc khi txt gia coi ddi, trong ban Di chuc de lai cho

ddi sau, NgUdi khong quen can dan Dang ta: Ngay sau khi

cuoc khang chien chong My, cxiu nUdc th^ng ldi thi “Dau

1. Ho Chi' Minh: Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2000,

t.l, tr.192.

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tien la cong viec doi vdi con ngUdi” tiic la phai co chinh sach

xa hoi doi vdi con ngiidi. NgUdi can dan “phai co ke hoach

that tot de phat trien kinh te va van hoa, nham khong

ngifng nang cao ddi song cua nhan d a n ”. Do la nhiing viec

Dang va Nha nude ta da va dang ra siic thUc hien trong sU

nghiep doi mdi hien nay.

De nghien ctiu mot cach co he thong tu tUdng Ho Chi

Minh ve con ngiidi cung nhu tu tUdng cua Ngtfdi ve sii nghiep

trong ngUdi nham xay dung con ngiidi mcli phat trien toan

dien phu hcfp v6i xa hoi hien dai, can co nhieu cong trinh

khoa hoc. NhUng co the noi, cho den nay chung ta con it thay

nhiing cong trinh di sau nghien ciiu mot cach toan dien va

sau sic tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngiidi v6i tu cach khong

chi nhu do! tUdng cua cach mang ma quan trong hdn con la

chu the cua cach mang. Con ngiidi noi d day khong phai la

mot sieu nhan nao co sCf menh di giai phong cho ngUdi khac

ma chinh la ngUdi dan, ngUdi cung kho, ngUdi bi ap biic, ti3c

con ngUdi chiu trach nhiem trUdc sil menh lich sii.

C) cuon sach nay, chung toi co g&ng neu len he thong cac

luan diem trong tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngUdi. DUdng

nhien, day cung chiia phai la mot cong trinh phan anh that

d§y du va toan dien tii tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngUdi the

hien tren rat nhieu mat, dac biet trong linh vUc van hoa bieu

hien tap trung vao tu tiidng nhan van Ho Chi Minh the hien

khong chi trong nhutng quan diem cu the trUc tiep ve con

ngUdi ma con trong hau het cac linh vUc tu tUdng, dao diic,

tac phong va noi chung la nhan cach van hoa Ho Chi Minh.

Co le phai co mot cong trinh khac 16n hdn, d day chung toi

chUa co tham vong vUdn t6i.

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Tuy nhien, vdi mot so chUdng de cap trong cuon sach nho

nay, chung toi hy vong se gdi md nhCing quan diem cd ban

nhat ve moi quan he giuta van hoa va viec xay dung con

ngUdi phat trien toan dien, ve nguon goc va qua trinh hinh

thanh tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve con ngiidi phat trien toan

dien, ve dac diem va ban chat con ngiidi phat trien toan

dien, nhat la ve viec xay dung con ngifdi phat trien toan

dien trong thdi dai loai ngUdi dang bu6c vao thien nien ky

m6i. Chung toi mong nhan dUdc nhiing y kien dong gop cua

ban doc.

tAc g ia

10

Chirong I

MOI QUAN HE GILA VAN HOA VA VIEC

XAY DUNG CON NGUCII VIET NAM PHAT TRIEN

TOAN DIEN PHU HOP VCH THClI KY DAY MANH

CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA DAT NUCfC

Trong he thong tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh, van de phat trien

van hoa cung nhu van de xay dUng con ngUdi mdi tiic la con

ngUdi phat trien toan dien deu co vi tri dac biet quan trong A / . •»

va co moi quan he gan bo hiJu cd vdi nhau. Phat trien van

hoa la nham muc dich xay dung con ngUdi mdi, tao dieu kien

cho con ngUdi ngay cang nang cao nhan cach, hoan thien ban

chat ngUdi. Phat trien van hoa cung dong thdi de tao ra dong

luc cho con ngUdi phat trien, xay dUng con ngUdi phat trien

toan dien phu hdp vdi yeu cau thdi ky cach mang mdi. Do la

hai mat cd ban cua van hoa. Cho nen, khi noi van hoa, chung

ta khang dinh van hoa viia la muc tieu, viia la dong luc. Du

la muc tieu hay dong luc, van hoa cung gan vdi con ngUdi tao

nen pham chat cua con ngUdi cu the, tiic con ngUdi co nhan

cach van hoa.

Mat khac. khi noi den con ngifdi, chung ta khong xem con

ngUdi nhu la sinh vat trtiu tUdng, con ngUdi noi chung ma

bao gid cung noi den con ngifdi cu the trong mot xa hoi cu the.

Vdi y nghia do, con ngUdi vCfa la muc tieu, viia la dong luc

cung nhu muc tieu va dong luc cua van hoa. Dieu do chiing to

giu'a van hoa vdi con ngUdi tuy la hai van de khac nhau,

nhUng thUc chat cd moi quan he gan bo rat hiiu cd vdi nhau,

tuy hai ma nhu mot. Noi van hoa khong the khong noi den

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con ngifdi vi chi co con ngUdi mdi co van hoa; noi con ngiidi

cung khong the khong noi den van hoa, chi vi van hoa la

thuoc tinh dac trUng ban chat cua con ngUdi va chi co van

hoa cua con ngUdi.

La muc tieu, van hoa cung nhu con ngUdi bao gid cung

dUdc xem la doi tUdng xay diing va phat trien cua sU nghiep

cach mang, co nghia la xet cho cung, du noi den sach lUdc hay

chien lUdc, muc tieu trudc mat hay muc tieu lau dai... bat cii

cuoc cach mang chan chinh nao, bat cii nhiem vu nao cua

Dang va Nha niidc dat ra deu xuat phat tii viec dem lai hanh

phuc cho con ngUdi ma hanh phuc do khong chi co cdm an, ao

mac hoac bat cii mot nhu cau vat chat nao khac ma chinh la

nhu cau van hoa. Tham chi xet cho cung, co the noi, tat ca

nhiing nhu cku toi thieu cua con ngUdi tijf an, mac. d, di lai,

vui chdi, quan he tinh ngUdi, ca vat chat va tinh than... deu

co xuat phat diem tCf van hoa. Cho nen, ngay nay ngUdi ta noi

den van hoa the hien d moi nhu cau cuoc song nhu van hoa

am thUc, van hoa giao tiep, van hoa the lUc, van hoa the thao,

van hoa du lich, van hoa loi song, van hoa tu tUdng, van hoa

dao diic, van hoa phap luat, van hoa gia dinh, van hoa thdi

trang, van hoa ton giao, v.v... Hau nhu khong co mot linh vUc

nao cua cuoc song gan vdi nhu cau con ngUdi lai khong gan

vdi van hoa.

Van hoa la ban chat dac trUng chi thay cd d con ngudi.

Neu thieu ban chat van hoa thi moi nhu cau toi thieu cua con

ngifdi cung khong khac may nhu cau cua dong vat. Con ngUdi

thUc sU trd thanh NgiCdi tCf khi cd van hoa. Dieu do ngav nay

da diidc noi nhieu va ngay cang thay ro ban chat ngitdi gin

lien vdi ban chat van hod.

Ban chat van hoa cua con ngUdi dUdc the hien d nhieu

mat cua cuoc song, nhUng chu yeu the hien d tam hieu biet,

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kha nang tri tue va nhat la noi tam tinh cam. gia tri tinh

th&n cua con ngudi. Da co hang tram dinh nghia ve van hoa.

cho den trudc khi UNESCO phat dong Thap ky the gidi phat

trien van hod van con nhieu dinh nghia khac nhau. NhUng

doi vdi chung ta co the noi. dinh nghia cua Ho Chi Minh ve

van hoa la tieu bieu hdn ca, gan vdi con ngUdi hdn ca: “Vi le

sinh ton cung nhu muc dich cua cuoc song, loai ngUdi mdi

sang tao va phat minh ra ngon ngii, chijf viet, dao diifc, phap

luat, khoa hoc, ton giao, van hoc, nghe thuat, nhiing cong cu

cho sinh hoat h4ng ngay ve mac. an, d va cac phUdng thiic

sU dung. Toan bo nhung sang tao va phat minh do tiic la

van hoa. Van hoa la sU tong hdp cua moi phUdng thiic sinh

hoat cung vdi bieu hien cua no ma loai ngUdi da san sinh ra

nh^m thich ufng nhiing nhu cau ddi song va doi hoi cua sU

sinh ton”1.

Do la mot dinh nghia phan anh dung nhat ban chat cua

van hoa dong thdi cung the hien r5 ban chat con ngUdi cd van

hoa, tu! do chung ta thay ro moi quan he hiiu cd giiia van hoa

vdi con ngUdi. Trong nhiing gia tri cd lien quan den van hoa,

Ho Chi' Minh cho ta thay gia tri cao nhat cua moi gia tri van

hoa, chinh la con ngi(di. Con ngUdi la sii quy tu ban chat cua

van hoa va chi co van hoa mdi lam cho con ngUdi trd nen

ngitcti thUc su\ Con ngUdi hoan thien hay chUa hoan thien,

phat trien toan dien hay chUa toan dien, chinh la nhd cd van

hoa va chi cd van hoa.

Van hoa von 'd chiic nang rat ldn. Noi ro chiic nang cua

van hoa, dong thdi noi ro moi quan he giiia van hoa vdi ddi

song xa hoi cua con ngudi, Ho Chi Minh noi: Van hoa cd lien

1. Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t.3, tr.431.

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lac vdi chinh tri rat mat thiet. Phai lam the nao cho van hoa

vao sau trong tam ly quoc dan. nghia la van hoa phai sUa doi

dUdc tham nhung, lUdi bieng. phu hoa, xa xi. Tam ly cua ta

lai muon lay tu do, doc lap lam goc. Van hoa phai lam the nao

cho ai cung co ly tUdng tu chu. doc lap. tu do. Dong thdi van

hoa phai lam the nao cho quoc dan co tinh th&n vi nUdc quen

minh, vi ldi l'ch chung ma quen ldi l'ch rieng.

V6i xa hoi. van hoa phai lam the nao cho moi ngUdi Viet

Nam tvf gia den tre, ca dan ong va dan ba ai cung hieu cai

nhiem vu cua minh va biet hUdng cai hanh phuc cua minh

nen dUdc hUdng.

So phan dan ta d trong tay ta. Van hoa phai soi dUdng cho

quoc dan di1.

Dieu do chiing to Ho Chi Minh khong chi dat rat cao vi

tri, chiic nang cua van hoa, ma hdn the NgUdi con coi van hoa

gan vdi ban chat con ngUdi va ban chat moi xa hoi, ban chat

dan toe. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua moi dan toe

doi hoi nhieu dieu kien. nhung dieu kien cd ban nhat van la

van hoa bieu hien d yeu to ngdn nguf, chii viet, tam ly dan toe

va nhat la y thiic cong dong ve lanh tho va ve nhieu mat cua

ddi song con ngUdi cung co chung so phan. Van hoa co kha

nang tao ra con ngUdi hoan thien, dong thdi tao ra nhiing ky

tich cho xa hoi va bien xa hoi lac hau thanh xa hoi van minh,

nghia la co mot siic manh dUdc goi la stic manh van hod.

Trong thUc te each mang nu6c ta, Ho Chi Minh da sU

dung siic manh truyen thong van hoa dan toe nhu mot loai vu

khi dieu ky tao ra siic manh vat chat va tinh thin cho nhan

1. Xem: Bao Ctiu quoc, ngay 24-11-1946.

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