Tư tưởng đạo đức của D.Diderot

TRIET HOC, SO 9 (232), THANG 9-2010

T U TU'ONG DAO DUC CUA D.DIDEROT

LUONG MY VAN <*^

Mac dil khong thupc triidng phdi dgo diic hgc (moralihtes), nhiing Diderot • nhd trie't hgc tieu

biiu cua trdo liiu Khai sdng Phdp • da de lgi nhiiu tii tiidng dgo diic dgc sdc vd cd vai tro gdi

md rdt ldn cho cdc suy tii dgo diic sau ndy. Bd Id tii tiidng ve nguon gd'c cua dgo dde, cdc phgm

trii dgo diic dgc triing (long dam me, sii nhiet tinh, hgnh phuc, diic hgnh), vd quan diem ve

nhiing tdc dpng cua xd hpi dd'i vdi dgo diic. Ciing vdi cdc nhd triet hgc khde cting thdi, Biderot

da gdp phdn khdng nho trong viec tgo dUng tii tiidng trief%gc ddo dde Khai sdng Phdp, mpt

trong nhQng thdi ky quan trgng cua lich sd triet hgc dgo dde phiidng Tdy.

\enis Diderot (1713-1784) la mdt trong

nhflng nh a tfl tfldng tieu bieu cua

/ triet hgc Khai sang Phap, ngfldi

dflng di u phai Bach khoa toan thfl. Tfl

tfldng cua Diderot - eung nhfl eua eac

nha Khai sang Phap ndi ehung - hien

dang nhan dfldc sfl "quan tam" trd lai

trong gidi nghien cflu triet bgc. Sau mgt

thdi gian dai chiu anh hfldng cua nhflng

da'u tran h ve ma t ly luan chinh tri, gid

day, ngfldi ta lai tim thi y trong tfl tfldng

cua eac nha Khai sang ndi chung va tfl

tfldng cua Diderot ndi rieng mgt sudi

ngudn mdi me cho nhflng suy tfl hien dai.

Ve nen tang the gidi quan cua Diderot,

ndi bat nha't la tinh chi t duy vat, vd thi n

va duy ly ro net. "Diem xui t pha t cua

triet hgc Diderot la sfl thfla nha n tinh vat

cha't eua the gidi"(l). Nhflng quan diem

duy vat ciia Diderot dfldc pha n tich ri t ky

trong cac sach giao khoa triet hgc va cac

tac pham chuyen luein eua nhieu tac gia d

d c nfldc xa hgi chu nghia trfldc day, nhfl

nhflng tfl tfldng ve va t chit, van dgng, ve

quan he gifla linh hdn va the xae, nhflng

quan niem trong linh •viic ly luan nha n

thflc, v.v..(2) Ong la mgt nh a duy vat kien

dinh va cd de duy ly si c sao. Vdi nen tang

the gidi quan nhfl vay, nhflng quan diem

cua Diderot trong linh viic dao dflc eung

mang tinb duy vat, the tuc va duy ly.

1. Ve nguo n go'c cu a da o dufc

Quan niem phd bien d chau Au trfldc

thdi ky Khai sang coi dao dflc cd ngudn

gd'c tfl Chua Trdi - ngudn gd'c tdn giao.

Didu nay dfldc ly giai mdt each ddn gian:

neu con ngfldi la tao va t cua Chua, cd

ngudn gd'c tfl sfl sang tao thi n thanh, thi

dao dflc - van de dac biet ngfldi - dfldng

nhien phai xui t pha t tfl Chua. Toan bg

eac vi n de dao dflc deu gan lien mdt each

chat ehe vdi cac giao ly tdn giao. Tat

nhien khdng phai den tan thdi Diderot,

ngfldi ta mdi tim each gd dao dflc r a khdi

thi n hgc. Viec lam nay da dfldc thflc hien

(*) Thac si, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi

Viet Nam.

(1) Vien Trie't hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc Lien

Xo. Lich sii triet hgc. Triet hoc Khai sdng tii ddu

thek^ XVII deh the ky XIX. Nxb Sii that. Ha Npi,

1962, tr.l27.

(2) Xem: Vien Trie't hpc, Vien Han lam KLoa hpc

LienXo. Scfd,tr.l35.

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