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Tourism : Principles, practices, philosophies
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ELEVENTH EDITION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
TOURISM
Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Charles R. Goeldner
J. R. Brent Ritchie
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TOURISM
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ELEVENTH EDITION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
TOURISM
Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Charles R. Goeldner
J. R. Brent Ritchie
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This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞
Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Goeldner, Charles R.
Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies / Charles R. Goeldner, J. R. Brent Ritchie.—Eleventh ed.
p. cm.
Includes index
ISBN 978-0-470-08459-5 (cloth)
1. Tourism. I. Ritchie, J. R. Brent II. Title
G155.AIM386 2009
338.4’79—dc22
2008013179
Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Preface xiii
PART 1
TOURISM OVERVIEW 1
CHAPTER 1 Tourism in Perspective 3
Introduction 4
What Is Tourism? 4
Components of Tourism and Tourism Management 12
Basic Approaches to the Study of Tourism 21
Economic Importance 25
Benefi ts and Costs of Tourism 31
Summary 33
Key Concepts 33
Internet Exercises 34
Questions for Review and Discussion 34
Case Problems 34
CHAPTER 2 Tourism through the Ages 35
Introduction 36
Early Beginnings 37
Early (and Later) Tourist Attractions 49
Early Economic References 52
The First Travel Agents 52
Historic Transportation 53
Accommodations 57
Chronologies of Travel 57
Summary 62
Key Concepts 63
Internet Exercises 63
Questions for Review and Discussion 64
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CHAPTER 3 Career Opportunities 65
Introduction 66
Job Forecasts 66
Job Requirements 66
Career Possibilities 67
Career Paths in Tourism 79
Internships 80
Other Sources of Career Information 84
Summary 84
Key Concepts 84
Internet Exercises 85
Questions for Review and Discussion 85
Case Problems 86
PART 2
HOW TOURISM IS ORGANIZED 87
CHAPTER 4 World, National, Regional, and
Other Organizations 89
Introduction 90
International Organizations 91
Developmental Organizations (International and National) 98
Regional International Organizations 99
National Organizations 100
Regional Organizations 109
State and Community Organizations 109
Summary 113
Key Concepts 114
Internet Exercises 114
Questions for Review and Discussion 115
Case Problems 116
CHAPTER 5 Passenger Transportation 117
Introduction 118
The Airline Industry 120
The Rail Industry 129
The Motorcoach Industry 133
The Automobile 136
The Cruise Industry 143
vi Contents
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Contents vii
Other Modes of Transportation 148
Summary 149
Key Concepts 150
Internet Exercises 150
Questions for Review and Discussion 151
Case Problems 152
CHAPTER 6 Hospitality and Related Services 153
Introduction 154
The Lodging Industry 155
The Food Service Industry 169
Meeting Planners 175
Summary 177
Key Concepts 179
Internet Exercises 179
Questions for Review and Discussion 179
Case Problems 180
CHAPTER 7 Organizations in the Distribution Process 181
Introduction 182
Travel Agents 183
The Internet 196
Consolidators 200
The Tour Wholesaler 201
Specialty Channelers 206
Choosing Channels 208
Summary 208
Key Concepts 209
Internet Exercises 209
Questions for Review and Discussion 210
Case Problems 210
CHAPTER 8 Attractions, Entertainment, Recreation, and Other 212
Introduction 213
Attractions 214
Gaming 223
Recreation 226
Entertainment 234
Festivals and Events 234
Shopping 236
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viii Contents
Education 238
Publishing 240
Marketing and Publicity Organizations 241
Miscellaneous Services 241
Summary 241
Key Concepts 242
Internet Exercises 242
Questions for Review and Discussion 243
Case Problem 243
PART 3
UNDERSTANDING TRAVEL BEHAVIOR 245
CHAPTER 9 Motivation for Pleasure Travel 247
Introduction 248
A Focus on Customers 248
The Need for a Theory 258
The Development of Motivation Models 262
Summary 263
Key Concepts 264
Internet Exercises 264
Questions for Review and Discussion 265
Case Problems 266
CHAPTER 10 Cultural and International Tourism for Life’s Enrichment 267
Introduction 268
Importance 268
Life-Seeing Tourism 270
The Romance of Pleasure Travel 273
Developmental and Promotional Measures 273
Anthropography (Geography of Humankind) 277
Types of Destinations as Travel Experiences 277
Other Tourist Appeals 280
Tourism and Peace 291
Summary 300
Key Concepts 301
Internet Exercises 301
Questions for Review and Discussion 302
Case Problems 302
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Contents ix
CHAPTER 11 Sociology of Tourism 303
Introduction 304
Effects on the Individual 304
Effects on the Family 304
Effects on Society 305
Life Characteristics and Travel 309
Emergence of Group Travel Patterns 317
Social (Subsidized) Tourism 319
Summary of the Principal Social Effects of Tourism 322
The International Tourist 323
Barriers to Travel 326
Summary 327
Key Concepts 328
Internet Exercises 328
Questions for Review and Discussion 329
Case Problems 329
PART 4
TOURISM SUPPLY, DEMAND, POLICY, PLANNING,
AND DEVELOPMENT 331
CHAPTER 12 Tourism Components and Supply 333
Introduction 334
Supply Components 335
Natural Resources 336
Built Environment 337
Operating Sectors 340
Spirit of Hospitality and Cultural Resources 347
Matching Supply with Demand 353
Summary 359
Key Concepts 360
Internet Exercises 360
Questions for Review and Discussion 361
Case Problems 361
CHAPTER 13 Measuring and Forecasting Demand 362
Introduction 363
Why Demand Is Important 363
Demand to a Destination 363
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x Contents
Measuring Demand 366
Projection Methodology 369
Summary 376
Key Concepts 376
Internet Exercises 377
Questions for Review and Discussion 377
Case Problems 378
CHAPTER 14 Tourism’s Economic Impact 379
Introduction 380
Tourism’s Economic Impact: An International Perspective 380
Comparing International and Domestic Expenditures 383
Optimization 386
Economic Multipliers 396
More Advanced Economic Concepts Related to Tourism 404
Summary 408
Key Concepts 410
Internet Exercises 410
Questions for Review and Discussion 411
Case Problems 411
CHAPTER 15 Tourism Policy: Structure, Content, and Process 412
Introduction 413
Tourism Policy: A Defi nition 414
The Focus of Tourism Policy: The Competitive/Sustainable Destination 416
The Major Parameters of Tourism Destination Management 418
Tourism Policy: Structure, Content, and Process 425
The Process of Tourism Policy Formulation 430
Translating Policy into Reality 435
Formulating Policy to Deal with Crises 435
Summary 437
Key Concepts 438
Internet Exercises 438
Questions for Review and Discussion 439
CHAPTER 16 Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations 440
Introduction 441
Planning for a Competitive/Sustainable Destination 441
The Nature of Tourism Planning 444
Relating Tourism Planning to Tourism Policy 444
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Contents xi
Why Tourism Planning Is Necessary 448
The Planning Process 450
Goals of Tourism Development 454
Political Aspects of Tourism Development 456
Development of Tourist Potential 459
Summary 465
Key Concepts 466
Internet Exercises 466
Questions for Review and Discussion 467
Case Problems 467
CHAPTER 17 Tourism and the Environment 469
Introduction 470
Does Tourism Threaten the Environment? The WTTC Position 470
Sustainable Development 474
Ecotourism: Common Terms Used 483
Current Tourism Industry Practices 491
Summary 500
Key Concepts 501
Internet Exercises 501
Questions for Review and Discussion 502
Case Problems 502
PART 5
ESSENTIALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH AND MARKETING 505
CHAPTER 18 Travel and Tourism Research 507
Introduction 508
Illustrative Uses of Travel Research 508
The Travel Research Process 509
Sources of Information 511
Basic Research Methods 515
Who Does Travel Research? 522
The State of the Art 526
Travel and Tourism Research Association 528
Summary 529
Key Concepts 529
Internet Exercises 529
Questions for Review and Discussion 530
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xii Contents
CHAPTER 19 Tourism Marketing 531
Introduction 532
Marketing Concept 532
The Marketing Mix 533
Market Segmentation 553
Marketing Planning: The Tourism Marketing Plan 559
Joint Marketing Efforts 560
Summary 561
Key Concepts 561
Internet Exercises 562
Questions for Review and Discussion 563
Case Problem 564
PART 6
TOURISM PROSPECTS 565
CHAPTER 20 Tourism’s Future 567
Introduction 568
Tourism in the Third Millennium 568
The World of Tourism in 2020 569
The Nature of Future Growth 571
Leisure, Tourism, and Society in the Third Millennium 572
New Realities—New Horizons: Forces Impacting the Future of Tourism 573
The Tourist of the Future 583
The Changing Nature of Tourism Products 591
Managing the Future Effectively 594
Summary 594
Key Concepts 595
Internet Exercises 595
Questions for Review and Discussion 596
Selected References 597
Glossary 613
Index 619
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