Tiếng Anh trong kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước

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ANG

N H T U Â N

)NG KỸ THUẬT

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TS. BÙI CÔNG QUANG

PG S. TS. TRẦN MẠNH TUÂN

TIẾNG ANH

TRONG KỸ THUẬT TÀI NGUYÊN NƯỚC

ENGLISH

IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

(Tái bản)

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN XÂ Y DựNG

HÀ NỘI-2012

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Hiện nay nhu cầu học tập ngoại ngữ nói chung và tiếng Anh nói riêng

đang ngày càng tăng đối với mọi người trong xã hội, đặc biệt là sinh viên

các trường đại học, các cán bộ kỹ thuật trẻ, những người đang quyết tâm

trang bị cho mình vốn kiến thức sâu rộng làm hành trang bước tiếp những

chặng đường mới trong sự nghiệp công nghiệp hoá, hiện đại hoá đất

nước, tiến tới một nền kinh tế tri thức và toàn cầu hoá. Sách dạy tiếng

Anh phổ thông và các từ điển thông thường được phổ biến rất rộng rãi,

trong khi đó các tài liệu kỹ thuật tiếng Anh chuyên ngành lại rất hạn chế,

nhất là tiếng Anh trong lĩnh vực kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước.

Nhằm phục vụ việc học tập, trau dồi tiếng Anh của sinh viên các

ngành kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước, các cán bộ kỹ thuật đang công tác trong

các cơ quan đào tạo, nghiên cứu và thiết k ế có Hên quan, cuốn Tiếng Anh

trong kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước (English in Water Resources Engineering)

được biền soạn với nội dung cơ bản sau:

Phần 1: Các bài đọc về các chủ đề chung của kỹ thuật tài nguyên

nước: thuỷ năng, thời tiết, ô nhiễm nước, chu trình thuỷ văn, luật nước, lũ

lụt, quản lý tưới, và một sô' bài đọc bổ sung cá nội dung liên quan đến

các chủ đề đã nêu như luật về tài nguyên nước, sử dụng và quản lý bền

vững tài nguyên nước, giới thiệu lưu vực sông Hồng...; Các nội dung kỹ

thuật chuyên ngành: thuỷ lực ứng dụng, sức bền vật liệu, bê tông cốt thép,

cơ học đất, chất lượng nước, cấp nước, dự báo thời tiết, ô nhiễm, công

trình tưới, cải tạo đất, trạm bơm, thuỷ công, đập đất và đá đổ, thuỷ điện...

và các bài đọc bô’ sung về xây dựng và quản lý dự án thủy lợi.

Phần này giúp cho người đọc nắm vững được kiến thức chuyên môn và

làm quen với công tác quán lý trong lĩnh vực kỹ thuật tài nguyên nước.

Phần 2: Gồm 2000 thuật ngữ kỹ thuật trong linh vực tài nguyên nước:

thuỷ văn, thuỷ nông, trạm bơm, hệ thống công trình tưới tiêu, các hạng

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mục của công trình đẩu mối. Các thuật ngữ được trình báy dưới dạng

khái niệm định nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh. Phần này sẽ giúp cho người đọc

hiểu rõ bản chất của các thuật ngữ, từ đó dễ dàng ứng dụng khi đọc và

viết các tài liệu có liên quan.

Với kinh nghiệm và hiểu biết còn hạn chế, tuy đã c ố gắng trong quá

trình biên soạn nhưng cuốn sách khó tránh khỏi những thiếu sót. Các tác

giả mong nhận được sự góp ý của bạn đọc và chán thành cảm ơn các

thầy giáo tiếng Anh, các bạn đồng nghiệpr những người đã đóng góp tư

liệu cho nội dung cuốn sách nhỏ này, cám ơn Nhà xuất bản Xúy dựng đã

khuyến khích, động viên, tạo điều kiện thuận lợi và nhanh chóng đ ể cuốn

sách có thể sớm ra mắt bạn đọc.

CÁC TÁC GIẢ

ị

CONTENT

Trang

Lời nói đẩu 3

PART I. TECHNICAL TEXTS

1.1. General topic 7

Unit 1: Water Power 7

Unit 2: Weather •' 8

Unit 3: Water Pollution 10

JJnit 4: Hydrologic Cycle 12

Unit 5: Water Law 15

Unit 6: Flood Disaster in the Central Provinces 17

Unit 7: Irrigation Management 21

Additional Texts: 23

Text 1: Law on Water Resources 23

Text 2: Sustainable Use of Water Resources 29

Text 3: What is Water Resources Management ? 33

Text 4: The Red River Basin 37

1.2. Specific topics 41

Unit 8: Applied Hydraulics 41

Unit 9: The Science of Strength of Materials 43

Unit 10: Nature of Reinforced Concrete 46

Unit 11: The Soil 50

Unit 12: Quality of Water 52

Unit 13: Water Supply - A Growing Problem 54

Unit 14: Weather Prediction 56

Unit 15: Pollution 58

Unit 16: Irrigation History 60

Unit 17: Methods and Structures of Irrigation 62

Unit 18: Technology of the Coastal Land Reclamation 63

Unit 19: Pumping and Dewatering Equipment 66

Unit 20: Water Use and Hydraulic Engineering 69

Unit 21: Earth and Rockfill Dams 71

Unit 22: Earth Dams 74

Unit 23: Hydro electric Power 77

Additional Texts:

Text 5: What is a Project ?

Text 6: How a Project Proposal Should Be Formulated ?

Text 7: Special Characteristics of Water Project

PART II. TECHNICAL TERMS

II. 1 Hydrology - Thủy văn

II.l.l General Terms - Các thuật ngữ chung

II.1.2. Rainfall, Runoff - Mưa, dòng chảy mặt

II.1.3. Floods - Lũ

II.1.4. Groundwater - Nước ngầm

II. 1.5. Discharge measurements - Đo lưu lượng

11.1.6. Quality of Waters - Chất lượng nước

II.2 Pumping Station - Trạm bơm

11.2.1. Lifting device - Thiết bị nâng nước

II.2.2. Mechanical Powered - Năng lượng cơ giới

II.2.3. Power for Lifting Water - Nãng lượng để chuyến nước

II.3. Irrigation Systems - Hệ thống tưới

II.3.1. General Notions - Các thuật ngữ chung

n.3.2. Collective Irrigation Systems - Hộ thống luới lổng hợp

11.3.3 Individual Irrigation System - Hệ thống tưới riêng ]ẻ

11.4. Headworks - Công trình đầu mối

11.4.1 Dams, Weirs and Barrages - Đập, đập dâng và cổng

trình ngãn dòng

11.4.2. High Dams or Dams - Reservoirs - Đập cao hoặc đập -

Hổ chứa

11.4.3. Reservoirs - Hố chứa

II.4.4. Dimensions and Components - Kích thước các hạng mục

công trình

II.4.5. Design and Theory - Lý thuyết và thiết kế

II.5. Appurtenant Works - Các công trình phụ trợ

U.S. 1. Surplusing Works or Surplus Disposal Works - Công

trình xả hoặc trữ nước thừa

II.5.2. Energy Dissipation Devices - Thiết bị tiêu nẫng

II.5.3. Gates and Valves - Cửa van và van

References

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PART I. TECHNICAL TEXTS

1.1. GENERAL TOPIC

UNIT 1. WATER POWER

How does man use the power of river water?

Long after the discovery of

electricity, man found that he

could use the great power of water

to produce it. At first, he used

natural water falls. Later, man

began to build dams to generate

hydro-electric power. Dams are

immense structures which hold

back the water of a river and form

a lake behind. The water is lei

through pipes to the turbines

below. Ban Giot water full

These pipes can be up to nine metres in diameter and they can be

opened or closed automatically. The rushing water dives the turbines.

They revolve, they spin electro -magnets. These electro-magnets generate

current in coils of wire. The voltage is then stepped up by a transformer

before it is transmitted to homes and factories

Now cover over the text, look at the diagram, and describe how hyth o-electriciry is produced.

But dams are not only used to produced hydro-electric power. Some of

the driest and least fertile areas in the world have been opened to farming

by iưigation. Dams have been built in series along rivers to make the

fullest use of the water. Irrigation channels radiate from the man-made

lakes (or reservoirs) behinds the dams and bring life-giving water to the

desert around. In Africa, for example, the Aswan Dam on the Nile and

the Kariba Dam on the Zambesi have changed the lives of millions of

people. The Kariba Dam holds back a 3,220 square kilometre reservoir,

one of the biggest man-made lake in the world.

WORD STUDY

Dam (n) (Đập): Baưier (made of concrete, earth etc.) built across a

river to hold back the water and form a reservoir for various purposes.

Reservoir (n) (hồ chứa): Natural or artificial lake used as a source or

store of water for an area.

Channel (n) (Lòng dẩn, kênh dan): Sunken bed of a river, stream or

canal; passage along which a liquid may flow.

Turbine (n) (Tuoc-bin): Machine or motor driven by a wheel which is

turned by a current of water, steam, air or gas.

UNIT 2. WEATHER

People are most interested in the weather in countries where the

climate is varied and uncertain. Human lives often depend on weather

conditions. But how much do you know about the causes of different kind

of weather?

1. What makes the wind blow?

The pressure of the atmosphere varies on the time. Air increases in

volume as the temperature rises, and so a cubic metre of cold air is

heavier than the same volume of warm air. As warm air is lighter, it rises.

It displaces at lower levels by colder and which moves in. Wind is simply

the movement of air between high and low pressure areas. The bigơer the

difference between the pressure, the stronger the wind is. Atmospheric

pressure is measured with a barometer.

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2. How are clouds formed? 1. What makes the wind blow ?

a barometer

2. How are clouds formed ?

Q

rain

The moisture in the atmosphere is produced

by the evaporation of water and by the breathing

of living things. As water vapour is lighter than

air, it rises. It goes on rising until it condenses.

Then it can be seen in the form of clouds. The

process of condensation continues until the water

becomes to heavy to stay in the air and it falls as

rain.

3. How is snow formed?

Currents of very cold air make the water

vapour in clouds freeze. The clouds then consist

of minute particles of ice. But these ice particles

remain lighter than air until the temperature

falls below a certain point. Then they combine,

become heavier, and fall as snow. Snowflakes

are crystals with a beautiful, patterned structure.

4. What is lightning?

Lightning is a sudden discharge of electricity

from cloud to cloud or from cloud to the earth.

The same sort of effect can be produced by

connecting the positive and negative terminals

of storage battery. This creates a short circuit

and a violent spark is discharged. Lightning from the sky is produced in

the same way, usually between clouds with opposite electrical charges.

WORD STUDY

Climate (n) (Khí hậu): The usual weather conditions in a certain area.

The Sahara Desert has a hot, dry climate. What is the climate like in

Vietnam?

Condense (v) (Ngưng đọng, ngưng kết): Changes from gas to liquid.

Steam from boiling water in a kitchen condenses on the ceiling, walls and

windows.

the water cycle

3. How is snow formed ?

snowflakes

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Minute (adj.) (Nhỏ li ti): Very small. Look up the pronunciation of

this word. An amoeba is a minute organism.

Crystals (n) (Dạng tinh the): A crystal is a regular arrangement of

molecules in a certain structure.

Patterned (adj.) (Có dạng hoa văn): Arranged in a particular way. A

pattern is often beautiful to look at and its shapes are usually repeated.

Shirts and dresses often have patterns.

Discharge (n) (Phóng điện): A movement of electricity.

Spark (n) (Đánh lửa): A sudden flash of light. You can make a spark

by striking two stones together.

Charge (n) (Tích điện): The electricity contained by a body or a battery.

UNIT 3. WATER POLLUTION

How many times a day do you

turn a tap on? How often do you

think about where your water comet

from and where it goes after you

have used it? Did you know that

mosi fresh water sources are so dirty

that the water must be purified

before it is drunk ? Do you know

■vhat makes the water so dirty?

1. Oil

Oil floats on water and does not Now cover up the text, look at the

lissolve in it. If a big oil tanker loses diagram and describe how sulphuric

ome oil in the sea, sea-birds and odd is formed in rainclouds.

ish are killed and beaches are

lolluted. Fuel oil contains sulphur. When oil is burnt in industry, sulphur

lioxide is formed. This combines with water particles in the atmosphere

nd falls as rain. This rain is dilute sulphuric acid. In some countries

uch as Norway and Sweden, the soil does not contain enough of the

0

alkalis which are needed to neutralise this acid. So the fish in man

Scandinavian lakes and rivers are poisoned by high acid concerUrations i

the water.

2. Poisonous chemicals: Mercury is used as a catalyst in th

production of plastics and is also needed in the paper industry. After USI

it is pumped out with the other industrial waste. But mercury is high!

poisonous. In Japan, people have died after eating fish from mercui

polluted water. Mercury is only one example of a chemical poison i

water; sadly, there are many others.

3. Sewage: In many cases, sewage is treated and broken down i

sewage plants before it is pumped back into lakes, rivers and seas. But

is often returned untreated. Water can usually clean itself of organ

waste, but this process takes a long time. In some areas, too muc

untreated sewage is pumped out and the water never gets clear. The:

area many other ways in which water is being polluted, by detergents ar

insecticides, for example. We are slowly poisoning our most importai

natural resource.

" Water is your life - keep it clean".

WORD STUDY

Sources (n) (Nguồn): Places where something come from. A rivei

source is the place where it starts. The source of the Rhine is in the Alp

Hydroelectric power stations are important sources of electricity.

Purified (adj.) (Làm sạch): Cleaned. When a liquid is purified, di

and waste are removed from it.

Dissolved (adj.) (Hoà tan): Some gases and solids dissolve in watei

they become liquid and form a solution.

Polluted (adj.) (ô nhiễm): Made dirty, the opposite of purified.

Fuel oil (Dâu nhiên liệu): Oil used for burning. Fuel is any substaiv

which is burnt to produce heat or energy. Coal and petrol are fuels.

Dilute (adj.) (Pha loãng): A dilute acid is an acid solution with a high

percentage of water. This weakens the acid.

■ Alkali (v) (Chất kiềm): Substance which combines with acids to form

salts; in this way an acid is neutralised.

Catalyst (n) (Chất xúc tác): Substance which speeds up a chemical

change without changing itself.

Waste (n) (Chất thải, vật thải): Things not needed and thrown away.

There is a basket for waste paper in most classrooms and offices.

Sewage (n) (Nước cống): Waste organic substance, usually from

households. Sewage is carried away in big pipes called sewers.

Radio-active (adj.) (thuộc về phóng xạ): A radio-active substance has

Itoms which break up without any outside force.

Detergent (n) (Chất tẩy rửa): Substances used for cleaning.

Insecticides (n) (Thuốc sâu): Substances used for killing insects.

Resource (n) (Tài nguyên): Natural resources are those things we get

Torn the earth which are useful. Coal and oil are resources as well as

■vater.

UNIT 4. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Water on earth exists in a space called the hydrosphere which extends

ibout 15 km up into the atmosphere and about 1 km down into the

ithosphere, the crust of the earth. Water circulates in the hydrosphere the

naze of paths constituting the hydrologic cycle.

The hydrologic cycle is the central focus of hydrology. The cycle has

IO beginning or end, and its many processes occur continuously. As

hown schematically in Fig. below, water evaporates from the oceans and

he land surface to become part of the atmosphere; water vapour is

ransported and lifted in the atmosphere until it condenses and

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precipitates on the land or the oceans; precipitated water may be

intercepted by vegetation, become overland flow over the ground surface,

infiltrate into the ground, flow through the soil as subsurface flow, and

discharge into streams as surface runoff return to the atmosphere through

evaporation. The infiltrated water may percolate deeper to recharge

groundwater, later emerging in springs or seeping into streams to form

surface runoff, and finally flowing out to the sea or evaporating into the

atmosphere as the hydrologic cycle continues.

Estimating the total amount of water on the earth and in the various

processes of the hydrologic cycle has been a topic of scientific

exploration since the second half of the nineteenth century. However,

quantitative data are scare, particularly over the oceans, and so the

amounts of water in the various components of the global hydrologic

cycle are still not known precisely.

About 96.5 percent of all the earth's water is in the oceans. If the earth

were a uniform sphere, this quantity would be sufficient to cover it to a

depth of about 2.6 km. Of the remainder, 1.7 percent is in the polar ice.

1.7 percent in groundwater and only 0.1 percent in the surface and

atmospheric water systems. The atmospheric water system, the driving

force of surface water hydrology contains only 12,900 km3 of water, OI

less than one part in 100,000 of all the earth’s water.

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